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aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/constellation/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/constellation/category/basics"><span>Basics</span></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">Feature status of clouds</span></li></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: 2.24</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Feature status of clouds</h1></header>
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<p>What works on which cloud? Currently, Confidential VMs (CVMs) are available in varying quality on the different clouds and software stacks.</p>
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<p>For Constellation, the ideal environment provides the following:</p>
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<ol>
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<li class="">Ability to run arbitrary software and images inside CVMs</li>
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<li class="">CVMs based on AMD SEV-SNP (available in EPYC CPUs since the Milan generation) or Intel TDX (available in Xeon CPUs since the Sapphire Rapids generation)</li>
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<li class="">Ability for CVM guests to obtain raw hardware attestation statements</li>
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<li class="">Reviewable, open-source firmware inside CVMs</li>
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<li class="">Capability of the firmware to attest the integrity of the code it passes control to, e.g., with an embedded virtual TPM (vTPM)</li>
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</ol>
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<p>(1) is a functional must-have. (2)--(5) are required for remote attestation that fully keeps the infrastructure/cloud out. Constellation can work without them or with approximations, but won't protect against certain privileged attackers anymore.</p>
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<p>The following table summarizes the state of features for different infrastructures.</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th><strong>Feature</strong></th><th><strong>AWS</strong></th><th><strong>Azure</strong></th><th><strong>GCP</strong></th><th><strong>STACKIT</strong></th><th><strong>OpenStack (Yoga)</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1. Custom images</strong></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td><strong>2. SEV-SNP or TDX</strong></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Depends on kernel/HV</td></tr><tr><td><strong>3. Raw guest attestation</strong></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Depends on kernel/HV</td></tr><tr><td><strong>4. Reviewable firmware</strong></td><td>Yes</td><td>No*</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Depends on kernel/HV</td></tr><tr><td><strong>5. Confidential measured boot</strong></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Depends on kernel/HV</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id="amazon-web-services-aws">Amazon Web Services (AWS)<a href="#amazon-web-services-aws" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Amazon Web Services (AWS)" title="Direct link to Amazon Web Services (AWS)" translate="no"></a></h2>
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<p>Amazon EC2 <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/de/about-aws/whats-new/2023/04/amazon-ec2-amd-sev-snp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="">supports AMD SEV-SNP</a>.
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Regarding (3), AWS provides direct access to attestation statements.
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However, regarding (5), attestation is partially based on the <a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/nitrotpm.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="">NitroTPM</a> for <a class="" href="/constellation/architecture/attestation#measured-boot">measured boot</a>, which is a vTPM managed by the Nitro hypervisor.
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Hence, the hypervisor is currently part of Constellation's TCB.
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Regarding (4), the <a href="https://github.com/aws/uefi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="">firmware is open source</a> and can be reproducibly built.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id="microsoft-azure">Microsoft Azure<a href="#microsoft-azure" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Microsoft Azure" title="Direct link to Microsoft Azure" translate="no"></a></h2>
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<p>With its <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/confidential-computing/confidential-vm-overview" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="">CVM offering</a>, Azure provides the best foundations for Constellation.
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Regarding (3), Azure provides direct access to attestation statements.
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The firmware runs in an isolated domain inside the CVM and exposes a vTPM (5), but it's closed source (4).
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On SEV-SNP, Azure uses VM Privilege Level (VMPL) isolation for the separation of firmware and the rest of the VM; on TDX, they use TD partitioning.
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This firmware is signed by Azure.
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The signature is reflected in the attestation statements of CVMs.
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Thus, the Azure closed-source firmware becomes part of Constellation's trusted computing base (TCB).</p>
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<p>* Recently, <a href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/windowsosplatform/openhcl-the-new-open-source-paravisor/4273172" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="">Azure announced the open source paravisor OpenHCL</a>. It's the foundation for fully open source and verifiable CVM firmware. Once Azure provides their CVM firmware with reproducible builds based on OpenHCL, (4) switches from <em>No</em> to <em>Yes</em>. Constellation will support OpenHCL based firmware on Azure in the future.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id="google-cloud-platform-gcp">Google Cloud Platform (GCP)<a href="#google-cloud-platform-gcp" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Google Cloud Platform (GCP)" title="Direct link to Google Cloud Platform (GCP)" translate="no"></a></h2>
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<p>The <a href="https://cloud.google.com/confidential-computing/confidential-vm/docs/confidential-vm-overview#technologies" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="">CVMs Generally Available in GCP</a> are based on AMD SEV-ES or SEV-SNP.
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Regarding (3), with their SEV-SNP offering Google provides direct access to attestation statements.
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However, regarding (5), attestation is partially based on the <a href="https://cloud.google.com/compute/shielded-vm/docs/shielded-vm#vtpm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="">Shielded VM vTPM</a> for <a class="" href="/constellation/architecture/attestation#measured-boot">measured boot</a>, which is a vTPM managed by Google's hypervisor.
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Hence, the hypervisor is currently part of Constellation's TCB.
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Regarding (4), the CVMs still include closed-source firmware.</p>
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<p><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/confidential-vms-on-intel-cpus-your-datas-new-intelligent-defense" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="">TDX on Google</a> is in public preview.
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With it, Constellation would have a similar TCB and attestation flow as with the current SEV-SNP offering.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id="stackit">STACKIT<a href="#stackit" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to STACKIT" title="Direct link to STACKIT" translate="no"></a></h2>
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<p><a href="https://www.stackit.de/en/product/stackit-compute-engine/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="">STACKIT Compute Engine</a> supports AMD SEV-ES. A vTPM is used for measured boot, which is a vTPM managed by STACKIT's hypervisor. Hence, the hypervisor is currently part of Constellation's TCB.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id="openstack">OpenStack<a href="#openstack" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to OpenStack" title="Direct link to OpenStack" translate="no"></a></h2>
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<p>OpenStack is an open-source cloud and infrastructure management software. It's used by many smaller CSPs and datacenters. In the latest <em>Yoga</em> version, OpenStack has basic support for CVMs. However, much depends on the employed kernel and hypervisor. Features (2)--(4) are likely to be a <em>Yes</em> with Linux kernel version 6.2. Thus, going forward, OpenStack on corresponding AMD or Intel hardware will be a viable underpinning for Constellation.</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorTargetStickyNavbar_Vzrq" id="conclusion">Conclusion<a href="#conclusion" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Conclusion" title="Direct link to Conclusion" translate="no"></a></h2>
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<p>The different clouds and software like the Linux kernel and OpenStack are in the process of building out their support for state-of-the-art CVMs. Azure has already most features in place. For Constellation, the status quo means that the TCB has different shapes on different infrastructures. 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