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@ -318,12 +318,11 @@ Clicking "Permanently delete" or sending files to the "trash" does not delete da
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However, it can take weeks or years before that space is actually used for new files, at which point the old data actually disappears. In the meantime, if you look directly at what is written to the drive, you can find the contents of the files. This is a fairly simple process, automated by many software programs that allow you to "recover" or "restore" data. You can't really delete data, but you can overwrite data, which is a partial solution.
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There are two types of storage: magnetic (HDD) and flash (SSD, NVMe, USB, memory cards, etc.). The only way to erase a file on a USB is to [reformat the entire USB](#how-to-create-an-encrypted-usb) and select **Overwrite existing data with zeros**. Doing this twice is a good idea.
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There are two types of storage: magnetic (HDD) and flash (SSD, NVMe, USB, memory cards, etc.). The only way to erase a file on either is to [reformat the entire drive](#how-to-create-an-encrypted-usb) and select **Overwrite existing data with zeros**.
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However, traces of the previously written data may still remain. If you have sensitive documents that you really want to erase, it is best to physically destroy the USB after reformatting it. Fortunately, USBs are cheap and easy to steal. Be sure to reformat the drive before destroying it; destroying a drive is often a partial solution. Data can still be recovered from disk fragments, and burning a drive requires temperatures higher than a normal fire (i.e. thermite).
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However, traces of the previously written data may still remain. If you have sensitive documents that you really want to erase, it is best to physically destroy the USB after reformatting it. Fortunately, USBs are cheap and easy to steal. Be sure to reformat the drive before destroying it; destroying a drive is often a partial solution. Data can still be recovered from disk fragments, and burning a drive requires temperatures higher than a normal fire (i.e. thermite) to be effective.
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* For flash memory drives (USBs, SSDs, SD cards, etc.), use two pairs of pliers to break the circuit board out of the case, then break the memory chips, including the circuit board, into pieces (be careful not to touch the sharp splinters). Hold the pieces in the flame of a camping torch. You will achieve only partial decomposition of the transistor material at this heat. Use adequate respiratory protection or stand back! The fumes are unhealthy.
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* If burning the pieces is too involved, discreetly dropping them into a storm drain while tying your shoe would make them unlikely to be recovered.
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For flash memory drives (USBs, SSDs, SD cards, etc.), use pliers to break the circuit board out of the plastic casing. Use a high-quality house-hold blender to shred the memory chips, including the circuit board, into pieces that are ideally less than two millimeters in size. This blender should be dedicated to this task, and not used for food afterwards.
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## How to create an encrypted USB
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@ -436,7 +435,5 @@ Sometimes the Synaptic Package Manager will refuse to install software. In this
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[Tails Best Practices](/posts/tails-best) are important to establish before using Tails for highly sensitive activities. To avoid overwhelming yourself, start by learning how to use Tails in basic ways, such as reading anarchist websites or writing texts. See the [Tails tag](/tags/tails/) for tutorials on topics like [removing identifying metadata from files](/posts/metadata/).
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---
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*This article is heavily modified from* [TuTORiel Tails](https://infokiosques.net/spip.php?article1726) *(in French), and also includes some excerpts from* [Capulcu #1](https://capulcu.blackblogs.org/neue-texte/bandi/) *(in German).*
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