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<br>
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<div class="column is-8 is-offset-2">
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> This glossary defines terms commonly used in AnarSec articles.
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> Ce glossaire contient des termes couramment utilisés dans les articles d'AnarSec.
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### Asynchronous Communication
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### Authentification à deux facteurs (2FA)
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Unlike [synchronous communication](/glossary/#synchronous-communication), both parties do not need to be online at the same time. This relies on some sort of server to store messages until the message recipients come online. This is the type of messaging that most people are familiar with (email, Signal, etc.).
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L'authentification à deux facteurs (ou "2FA") est une manière pour un utilisateur de s'authentifier auprès d'un fournisseur de services qui impose la combinaison de deux méthodes d'authentification différentes. Ces méthodes peuvent être quelque chose que l'utilisateur sait (comme un mot de passe ou un code PIN) ou que l'utilisateur a (comme une clé matérielle ou un téléphone portable).
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### Backdoor
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@ -24,12 +24,26 @@ An attacker who “simply” tries every possible key to access a service or dec
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Checksums are digital fingerprints: small-sized blocks of data derived from another block of digital data for the purpose of detecting any changes that may have been made. For example, when you download an operating system .iso file, a checksum is listed that looks like: `sha512: 9f923361887ac4b1455bc5ae51c06f2457c6d(continued...)`. You can use [hash functions](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/cryptographic-hash/) like SHA512 to create fingerprints. Essentially, this mathematical operation converts the 0's and 1's of the file into a unique "fingerprint". Changing a single 1 or 0 results in a completely different fingerprint. It is often important to know if a file has changed, such as when downloading the image file for an operating system. Fingerprints are often used in cryptography (e.g. in certificates or to verify [public keys](/glossary/#public-key-cryptography) in general). GtkHash is a program that allows you to calculate checksums without using a command line interface.
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### Chiffrement de bout en bout
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Les données sont [chiffrées](/fr/glossary/#encryption) lors de leur trajet d'un appareil à un autre — de bout en bout — et ne peuvent être déchiffrées par aucun intermédiaire. Elles ne peuvent être déchiffrées qu'au niveau des deux bouts. Cela diffère du "chiffrement au repos" tel que [chiffrement complet du disque](/fr/glossary/#full-disk-encryption-fde), où les données stockées sur ton appareil sont chiffrées lorsque l'appareil est éteint. Les deux sont importants !
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Pour plus d'informations, voir [Encrypted Messaging for Anarchists](/posts/e2ee/), et [Defend Dissent: Protecting Your Communications](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/protecting-your-communications) (Défendre la contestation : Protéger nos communications).
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### Command Line Interface (CLI)
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The "command line" is an all-text alternative to the graphical "point and click" tool that most of us are more familiar with; the Command Line Interface (CLI) allows us to do some things that a Graphical User Interface (GUI) does not. Often, either a GUI or a CLI would work, and which you use is a matter of preference. For example, in [Tails](/glossary/#tails), you can verify the [checksum](/glossary/#checksums-fingerprints) of a file using either a GUI (the GtkHash program) or a CLI command (`sha256sum`).
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For more information, see [Linux Essentials](/posts/linux/#the-command-line-interface). The Tech Learning Collective's "Foundations: Linux Journey" course on the [command line](https://techlearningcollective.com/foundations/linux-journey/the-shell) is our recommended introduction to using the CLI/terminal.
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### Communication asynchrone
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Au contraire de la [communication synchrone](/fr/glossary/#communication-synchrone), les deux participant·e·s n'ont pas besoin d'être connecté·e·s au même moment. Cela grâce à un serveur qui stocke les messages jusqu'à ce que les destinataires des messages se connectent. C'est le type de communication le plus courant (email, Signal, etc.)
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### Communication synchrone
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Contrairement à la [communication asynchrone](/fr/glossary/#communication-asynchrone), les deux participant·e·s doivent être connecté·e·s au même moment. Il n'y a pas besoin de serveurs pour la communication, on dit souvent que c'est "de pair à pair" (*peer to peer*).
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### Correlation Attack
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An end-to-end correlation attack is a theoretical way that a global adversary could break the anonymity of the [Tor network](/glossary/#tor-network). For more information, see [Protecting against determined, skilled attackers](/posts/tails-best/#2-protecting-against-determined-skilled-attackers) and [Make Correlation Attacks More Difficult](/posts/tails/#make-correlation-attacks-more-difficult). For research papers on the subject, see [Thirteen Years of Tor Attacks](https://github.com/Attacks-on-Tor/Attacks-on-Tor#correlation-attacks) and the design proposal on [information leaks in Tor](https://spec.torproject.org/proposals/344-protocol-info-leaks.html).
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For more information, see [symmetric cryptography](/glossary/#symmetric-cryptography), [asymmetric cryptography](/glossary/#public-key-cryptography), or [Defend Dissent: What is Encryption?](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/what-is-encryption/)
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### End-to-end encryption (e2ee)
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Data is [encrypted](/glossary/#encryption) as it travels from one device to another — endpoint to endpoint — and cannot be decrypted by any intermediary. It can only be decrypted by the endpoints. This is different from "encryption at rest", such as [Full Disk Encryption](/glossary/#full-disk-encryption-fde), where the data stored on your device is encrypted when the device is turned off. Both are important!
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For more information, check out [Encrypted Messaging for Anarchists](/posts/e2ee), and [Defend Dissent: Protecting Your Communications](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/protecting-your-communications/).
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### Exploit
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An exploit is designed to take advantage of a [vulnerability](/glossary/#vulnerability). Even worse (or better, depending on whether you are the attacker or the target) are [zero-day exploits](/glossary/#zero-day-exploit).
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For a more detailed look, see [Defend Dissent: The Man in the Middle](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/the-man-in-the-middle/) and the [Whonix documentation](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Warning#Man-in-the-middle_Attacks).
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### Metadata
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### Métadonnées
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Metadata is data that provides information about other data. For example, a JPG file contains the actual image (data) but it may also contain metadata such as the date the file was created, the type of camera, GPS coordinates, and so on. Metadata can be valuable to attackers (to find appropriate exploits for outdated software the target is using), government agencies (to collect information about people to create social graphs), and other parties (to target location-based advertising). Whenever you use a computer, you are likely leaving metadata behind.
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Les métadonnées sont des données qui donnent des informations sur d'autres données. Par exemple, un fichier JPG contient l'image en elle-même (données) mais peut aussi contenir des métadonnées comme la date à laquelle le fichier a été créé, le type d'appareil photo, des coordonnées GPS, etc. Les métadonnées peuvent être précieuses pour le piratage (pour trouver des failles dans des logiciels obsolètes utilisés par une cible), pour des agences gouvernementales (pour récolter des informations sur des gens et les relations entre elleux), et d'autres acteurs (pour de la publicité ciblée). Quand tu utilises un ordinateur, tu laisses généralement des métadonnées derrière toi.
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For more information, see [Remove Identifying Metadata From Files](/posts/metadata) and [Defend Dissent: Metadata](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/metadata/).
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Pour plus d'informations, voir [Remove Identifying Metadata From Files](/posts/metadata) et [Defend Dissent: Metadata](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/metadata/) (Défendre la contestation : Métadonnées).
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### Modèle de menaces
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La modélisation de menaces est un ensemble d'activités pour améliorer sa sécurité en identifiant un ensemble d'adversaires, d'[objectifs de sécurité](/fr/glossary/#security-goal), et de [vulnérabilités](/fr/glossary/#vulnerability), puis en définissant des contre-mesures pour prévenir ou remédier aux effets des menaces envers un système. Une menace est un évènement possiblement ou assurément non désiré qui peut être malveillant (comme une [attaque par déni de service](/fr/glossary/#ddos-attack)) ou accidentel (comme un disque dur qui meurt). La modélisation de menaces est l'activité délibérée d'identification et d'évaluation des menaces et vulnérabilités.
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Pour plus d'informations, voir la [Bibliothèque de menaces du No Trace Project](https://notrace.how/threat-library/fr), [Defend Dissent: Digital Threats to Social Movements](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/digital-threats/) (Défendre la contestation : Menaces numériques contre les mouvements sociaux) et [Defending against Surveillance and Suppression](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/surveillance-and-suppression/) (Défendre la contestation : Se défendre contre la surveillance et la répression).
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### Open-source
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The only software we can trust because the "source code" that it is written in is "open" for anyone to examine.
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### Operating system (OS)
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The system software that runs your device before any other software. Some common examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS. Linux and some versions of Android are the only open-source options on this list.
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### Passphrase
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A passphrase is similar to a [password](/glossary/#password), but is made up of words instead of random characters.
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For a more detailed look, see [Defend Dissent: Protecting Your Devices](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/protecting-your-devices/).
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### Réseau Tor
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[Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) (acronyme pour The Onion Router) est un réseau ouvert et décentralisé qui aide à se protéger des analyses de traffic réseau. Tor te protège en faisant passer tes communications à travers un réseau de relais maintenus par des volontaires à travers le monde : cela empêche une personne qui surveillerait ta connexion Internet de savoir quels sites web tu visites, et cela empêche les administrateurs des sites que tu visites de découvrir ta position géographique.
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Chaque visite d'un site web via Tor fait passer par trois relais. Les relais sont des serveurs hébergés par différentes personnes et organisations à travers le monde. Un relai donné ne sait jamais à la fois d'où vient la communication chiffrée ni où elle va. Un extrait d'une évaluation top-secrète de la NSA désigne Tor comme "le roi de l'anonymat sécurisé sur Internet pour des usages en temps réel", "sans concurrents au trône en vue". On peut accéder au réseau Tor sur n'importe quel système d'exploitation grâce au Navigateur Tor. Le système d'exploitation [Tails](/fr/glossary/#tails) force tous les logiciels à passer par le réseau Tor pour accéder à Internet.
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Pour plus d'informations, voir [Tails for Anarchists](/posts/tails/#tor) et [Privacy Guides](https://www.privacyguides.org/fr/advanced/tor-overview/). Pour comprendre les limites de Tor, voir la [documentation de Whonix](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Warning).
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### Sandboxing
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Sandboxing is the software-based isolation of applications to mitigate system failures or vulnerabilities. For example, if an attacker hacks an application that is "sandboxed", the attacker must escape the sandbox to hack the entire system. [Virtualization](/glossary/#virtualization) is the most powerful implementation of sandboxing.
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Symmetric cryptography is the opposite of [public-key cryptography](/glossary/#public-key-cryptography). Two parties need the same private key to communicate with each other. They both use this key to encrypt and decrypt data. Symmetric cryptography is faster than public-key cryptography, but you must exchange keys securely. AES is a well-known example of symmetric cryptography. This is the model used for [Full Disk Encryption](/glossary/#full-disk-encryption-fde) (e.g. used by [LUKS](/glossary/#luks) in Linux Full Disk Encryption).
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### Synchronous communication
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### Système d'exploitation (OS)
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Unlike [asynchronous communication](/glossary/#asynchronous-communication), both parties must be online at the same time. This does not require servers for the communication and is often referred to as "peer to peer".
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Le logiciel système qui s'exécute sur ton appareil avant tout autre logiciel. Par exemple Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, et iOS. Linux et certaines versions d'Android sont les seules options open-source de cette liste.
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### Tails
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For more information, see [Tails for Anarchists](/posts/tails).
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### Threat model
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Threat modeling is a family of activities for improving security by identifying a set of adversaries, [security goals](/glossary/#security-goal), and [vulnerabilities](/glossary/#vulnerability), and then defining countermeasures to prevent or mitigate the effects of threats to the system. A threat is a potential or actual undesirable event that can be malicious (such as a [DDoS attack](/glossary/#ddos-attack)) or accidental (such as a hard drive failure). Threat modeling is the deliberate activity of identifying and assessing threats and vulnerabilities.
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For more information, see [the No Trace Project Threat Library](https://notrace.how/threat-library/), [Defend Dissent: Digital Threats to Social Movements](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/digital-threats/) and [Defending against Surveillance and Suppression](https://open.oregonstate.education/defenddissent/chapter/surveillance-and-suppression/).
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### Tor network
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[Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) (short for The Onion Router) is an open and distributed network that helps defend against traffic analysis. Tor protects you by routing your communications through a network of relays run by volunteers around the world: it prevents someone monitoring your Internet connection from learning what sites you visit, and it prevents the operators of the sites you visit from learning your physical location.
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Every website visited through the Tor network passes through 3 relays. Relays are servers hosted by different people and organizations around the world. No single relay ever knows both where the encrypted connection is coming from and where it is going. An excerpt from a leaked top-secret NSA assessment calls Tor "the King of high secure, low latency Internet anonymity" with "no contenders for the throne in waiting". The Tor network can be accessed through the Tor Browser on any operating system. The [Tails](/glossary/#tails) operating system forces every program to use the Tor network when accessing the Internet.
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For more information, see [Tails for Anarchists](/posts/tails/#tor) and [Privacy Guides](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/advanced/tor-overview/). To understand the limitations of Tor, see the [Whonix documentation](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Warning).
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### Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
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Two-factor authentication (or “2FA”) is a way for a user to identify themselves to a service provider by requiring a combination of two different authentication methods. These can be something the user knows (such as a password or PIN) or something the user has (such as a hardware token or mobile phone).
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### Virtualization
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Virtualization is a technology that creates a virtual version of something, including virtual computer hardware. A [Virtual Machine](/glossary/#virtual-machine-vm) takes advantage of this technology.
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A virtual machine is a [virtualization](/glossary/#virtualization)/emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide the functionality of a physical computer. This can provide the security benefit of [sandboxing](/glossary/#sandboxing). [Qubes OS](/glossary/#qubes-os) consists of VMs that [run directly on the hardware](https://www.qubes-os.org/faq/#how-does-qubes-os-compare-to-running-vms-in-a-conventional-os) (referred to as "bare metal"). According to the Qubes project, "virtualization is currently the only practically viable approach to implementing strong isolation while simultaneously providing compatibility with existing applications and drivers."
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### VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
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### Voix sur IP (VoIP, Voice over Internet Protocol)
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Google Voice is a well-known and insecure VoIP service; this technology routes your calls over the Internet (as Signal does) instead of using standard cell tower transmission. Unlike Signal, VoIP allows you to receive calls from anyone, not just other Signal users. The advantage of using VoIP for calls over a data plan is that you can create different numbers for different activities (one for bills, one for signing up for a Signal account, etc.), and you never need to turn off Airplane mode. The advantage of using a data plan instead is that you can use it away from Wi-Fi, at the cost of geolocation (i.e. it will be possible for your service provider and possibly other parties to know where your device is at any given time).
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Google Voice est un service de voix sur IP bien connu et peu sécurisé ; cette technologie fait passer tes appels par Internet (tout comme Signal par exemple) au lieu d'utiliser la transmission classique par les antennes téléphoniques. Contrairement à Signal, la voix sur IP te permet de recevoir des appels de n'importe qui, pas juste d'autres utilisateurs de Signal. L'avantage d'utiliser la voix sur IP pour des appels par rapport à un abonnement téléphonique est que tu peux créer des numéros différents pour différentes activités (un pour les factures, un autre pour créer un compte Signal, etc.) et que tu n'as jamais besoin de désactiver le mode avion. L'avantage d'un abonnement téléphonique est que tu peux l'utiliser loin d'un accès au Wi-Fi, au prix d'être géolocalisé (c'est-à-dire qu'il est possible pour ton opérateur téléphonique et possiblement d'autres acteurs de savoir à tout moment où est ton appareil).
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### VPN (Virtual Private Network)
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