RNMnetwork/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/URE_3.html
Riccardo Giuntoli f60c1fae31
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2022-02-03 20:23:50 +01:00

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<div id='write' class=''><h1 id='componentes-activos-semiconductores-y-válvulas'><span>Componentes activos: semiconductores y válvulas</span></h1><h4 id='31-esquemas-y-símbolos-en-electrónica'><span>3.1 Esquemas y símbolos en electrónica.</span></h4><p><img src="https://github.com/redeltaglio/RNMnetwork/raw/master/Images/simbolos.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p><span>Un esquema de un circuito electrónico está compuesto por un grupo de símbolos unidos por líneas que nos está indicando los componentes que lo integran y su funcionamiento.</span></p><p><span>Algunos símbolos van acompañados de una nomenclatura que nos indica las características del elemento representado como por ejemplo junto a un condensador pueden aparecer unos caracteres que indican su valor.</span></p><h4 id='32-semiconductores'><span>3.2 Semiconductores</span></h4><p><img src="https://i2.wp.com/codigoespagueti.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/silicio-en-los-chips-1.jpg?resize=1280%2C720&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p><span>Los </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor'><span>semiconductores</span></a><span> son substancias que tienen una conductividad intermedia entre los altos valores de los metales y los bajos de los aislantes.</span></p><p><span>Los cristales de </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio'><span>germanio</span></a><span> o </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicio'><span>silicio</span></a><span> puros pueden considerarse como buenas aisladores porque carecen de electrones libres pero añadiéndoles impurezas pueden variar sus propiedades iniciales. Su mecanismo de conducción es distinto de los conductores metálicos; la impurezas la forman elementos con distintos número de electrones que ellos: si tienen más electrones que los semiconductores se les llama donantes y si tienen menos aceptantes (tienen «huecos» que se comportan como si tuvieran una carga eléctrica positiva y de igual magnitud que la de un electrón). Los electrones y los «huecos» se mueven en un campo eléctrico con una velocidad que es proporcional a la intensidad de dicho campo, los «huecos» se mueven en dirección opuesta a los electrones y con una velocidad que es la mitad de estos.</span></p><p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/N-Type_Semiconductor_Bands.svg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p><span>Si por ejemplo combinamos germanio con un donante queda polarizado negativamente: así tenemos un semiconductor tipo </span><code>N</code><span> (negativo). Si la impureza es un aceptante el germanio queda polarizado positivamente convirtiéndose en un semiconductor tipo </span><code>P</code><span>.</span></p><h4 id='33-diodos'><span>3.3 Diodos.</span></h4><p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Diode-closeup.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 id='bibliografía'><span>Bibliografía</span></h2><ul><li><span>Libro de examen de radioaficionado, Luis Alarcón Palencia </span><code>EA4DXP</code></li></ul></div></div>
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