mirror of
https://github.com/noplacenoaddress/RNMnetwork.git
synced 2024-12-28 16:49:39 -05:00
746 lines
48 KiB
HTML
746 lines
48 KiB
HTML
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table tr th { border-bottom: 0px; }
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video { max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 0px auto; }
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h1,
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h2,
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h3,
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h4,
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h5,
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<body class='typora-export'><div class='typora-export-content'>
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<div id='write' class=''><h1 id='circuitos-en-corriente-alterna-filtros-transformadores-formas-de-onda-no-sinusoidales'><span>Circuitos en corriente alterna. Filtros. Transformadores. Formas de onda no sinusoidales.</span></h1><p><img src="https://github.com/redeltaglio/RNMnetwork/raw/master/Images/simbolos_resistencias.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><h4 id='21-circuitos-en-corriente-alterna'><span>2.1 Circuitos en corriente alterna.</span></h4><p><span>La ley de Ohm se aplica también a circuitos de </span><code>CA</code><span> siempre y cuando solo haya resistencias o elementos que se comporten como tales.</span></p><p><span>En el caso existan </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor'><span>bobinas</span></a><span> encontraremos la llamada </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactancia_inductiva'><span>reactancia inductiva</span></a><span> y si hay </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensador_el%C3%A9ctrico'><span>condensadores</span></a><span> la </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactancia'><span>reactancia</span></a><span> </span><a href='https://github.com/redeltaglio/RNMnetwork/raw/master/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/Documentos/9_t3s2_c5_html_contex_1.pdf'><span>capacitiva</span></a><span>; las dos son consecuencia del desfase que se produce entre tensión y corriente.</span></p><h4 id='211-reactancia-inductiva'><span>2.1.1 Reactancia inductiva.</span></h4><div contenteditable="false" spellcheck="false" class="mathjax-block md-end-block md-math-block md-rawblock" id="mathjax-n22" cid="n22" mdtype="math_block" data-math-tag-before="0" data-math-labels="[]" data-math-tag-after="0"><div class="md-rawblock-container md-math-container" contenteditable="false" tabindex="-1"><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12.505ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 5527.1 1000" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;"><defs><path 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transform="translate(1392.5,0)"><use data-c="A0" xlink:href="#MJX-219-TEX-N-A0"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1920.3,0)"><use data-c="3D" xlink:href="#MJX-219-TEX-N-3D"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(2976.1,0)"><use data-c="A0" xlink:href="#MJX-219-TEX-N-A0"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(3226.1,0)"><use data-c="32" xlink:href="#MJX-219-TEX-N-32"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(3726.1,0)"><use data-c="1D70B" xlink:href="#MJX-219-TEX-I-1D70B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(4296.1,0)"><use data-c="1D453" xlink:href="#MJX-219-TEX-I-1D453"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(4846.1,0)"><use data-c="1D43F" xlink:href="#MJX-219-TEX-I-1D43F"></use></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mtable displaystyle="true" columnalign="right" columnspacing="" rowspacing="3pt"><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>L</mi></msub><mtext> </mtext><mo>=</mo><mtext> </mtext><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>L</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></div></div><p><span>La oposición al paso de corriente alterna que presenta una bobina de inductancia </span><code>L</code><span> se llama reactancia inductiva </span><code>XL</code><span>. Si la tensión aplicada por el generador es </span><code>E</code><span>, la su frecuencia </span><code>f</code><span>, la oposición es explicada por la ecuación sobre escrita. </span></p><p><span>Si la </span><code>f</code><span> es </span><code>0</code><span> la </span><code>XL</code><span> también es </span><code>0</code><span> entonces la bobina se comporta como un conductor permitiendo el paso de la corriente. Mejor dicho </span><u><span>una bobina no se opone al paso de la corriente continua</span></u><span>.</span></p><h4 id='212-reactancia-capacitiva'><span>2.1.2 Reactancia capacitiva. </span></h4><div contenteditable="false" spellcheck="false" class="mathjax-block md-end-block md-math-block md-rawblock" id="mathjax-n29" cid="n29" mdtype="math_block" data-math-tag-before="0" data-math-labels="[]" data-math-tag-after="0"><div class="md-rawblock-container md-math-container" contenteditable="false" tabindex="-1"><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12.717ex" height="5.052ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -1366.5 5620.7 2233" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.96ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-220-TEX-I-1D44B" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 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xlink:href="#MJX-220-TEX-N-32"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(500,0)"><use data-c="1D70B" xlink:href="#MJX-220-TEX-I-1D70B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1070,0)"><use data-c="1D453" xlink:href="#MJX-220-TEX-I-1D453"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(1620,0)"><use data-c="1D436" xlink:href="#MJX-220-TEX-I-1D436"></use></g></g><rect width="2580" height="60" x="120" y="220"></rect></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mtable displaystyle="true" columnalign="right" columnspacing="" rowspacing="3pt"><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mtext> </mtext><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></mfrac></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></div></div><p><span>Es la oposición </span><code>XC</code><span> al paso de </span><code>CA</code><span> que presenta un condensador </span><code>C</code><span>. A mayor </span><code>f</code><span> o mayor </span><code>C</code><span> del condensador corresponderá menor reactancia capacitativa y viceversa. Cuanto mayor sea </span><code>C</code><span> y </span><code>f</code><span> mayor intensidad de </span><code>CA</code><span> atraviesa el condensador. Si </span><code>f</code><span> es </span><code>0</code><span> </span><code>XC</code><span> es infinita porqué el condensador se comporta como un aislante, impidiendo el paso de corriente. </span></p><p><span>Un condensador se opone al paso de corriente continua.</span></p><h4 id='213-combinación-de-componentes-impedancia'><span>2.1.3 Combinación de componentes. Impedancia. </span></h4><div contenteditable="false" spellcheck="false" class="mathjax-block md-end-block md-math-block md-rawblock" id="mathjax-n71" cid="n71" mdtype="math_block" data-math-tag-before="0" data-math-labels="[]" data-math-tag-after="0"><div class="md-rawblock-container md-math-container" contenteditable="false" tabindex="-1"><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG" display="true" style="position: relative;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="13.127ex" height="2.262ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -750 5802 1000" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.566ex;"><defs><path id="MJX-266-TEX-I-1D44D" d="M58 8Q58 23 64 35Q64 36 329 334T596 635L586 637Q575 637 512 637H500H476Q442 637 420 635T365 624T311 598T266 548T228 469Q227 466 226 463T224 458T223 453T222 450L221 448Q218 443 202 443Q185 443 182 453L214 561Q228 606 241 651Q249 679 253 681Q256 683 487 683H718Q723 678 723 675Q723 673 717 649Q189 54 188 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26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path></defs><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mtable"><g data-mml-node="mtr"><g data-mml-node="mtd"><g data-mml-node="mi"><use data-c="1D44D" xlink:href="#MJX-266-TEX-I-1D44D"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(723,0)"><use data-c="A0" xlink:href="#MJX-266-TEX-N-A0"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1250.8,0)"><use data-c="3D" xlink:href="#MJX-266-TEX-N-3D"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mtext" transform="translate(2306.6,0)"><use data-c="A0" xlink:href="#MJX-266-TEX-N-A0"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(2556.6,0)"><use data-c="1D445" xlink:href="#MJX-266-TEX-I-1D445"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3537.8,0)"><use data-c="2B" xlink:href="#MJX-266-TEX-N-2B"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(4538,0)"><use data-c="1D457" xlink:href="#MJX-266-TEX-I-1D457"></use></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(4950,0)"><use data-c="1D44B" xlink:href="#MJX-266-TEX-I-1D44B"></use></g></g></g></g></g></g></svg><mjx-assistive-mml unselectable="on" display="block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mtable displaystyle="true" columnalign="right" columnspacing="" rowspacing="3pt"><mtr><mtd><mi>Z</mi><mtext> </mtext><mo>=</mo><mtext> </mtext><mi>R</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>j</mi><mi>X</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container></div></div><p> </p><p><span>Se oponen al paso de CA en los circuitos tanto resistencias, cuanto condensadores y bobinas.</span></p><p><span>La </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedancia'><span>impedancia</span></a><span> </span><code>Z</code><span> de un circuito es la suma de su resistencia </span><code>R</code><span> y su reactancia </span><code>X</code><span>. La letra </span><code>j</code><span> se trata da un </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_imaginario'><span>número imaginario</span></a><span> ya que como hemos visto anteriormente para definir correctamente una reactancia, hay que tener en cuenta tanto su valor absoluto como el ángulo de desfase introducido por las bobinas y/o condensadores del circuito. Una impedancia, pues, debe definirse de tal forma que se conozca su magnitud y el desfasaje que produzca.</span></p><h4 id='2131-circuitos-serie'><span>2.1.3.1 Circuitos serie.</span></h4><p><img src="https://github.com/noplacenoaddress/RNMnetwork/raw/master/Images/circuito_resistencia.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p><span>Si intercalamos una resistencia en un circuito recurrido por CA la intensidad según la ley de Ohm es </span><code>I = E/R</code><span> y la tensión estará en fase con la intensidad.</span></p><p><img src="https://github.com/redeltaglio/RNMnetwork/raw/master/Images/circuito_condensador.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p><span>La oposición que opone </span><code>C</code><span> a la </span><code>CA</code><span> se llama reactancia capacitiva, presenta menor resistencia al paso de la corriente cuando:</span></p><ul><li><span>su capacidad es alta.</span></li><li><span>aumenta la frecuencia de la corriente.</span></li></ul><p><span>Se produce un desfase en el que la intensidad </span><code>I</code><span> se adelanta a la tensión </span><code>E</code><span> en 90°.</span></p><p><img src="https://github.com/redeltaglio/RNMnetwork/raw/master/Images/circuito_bobina.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p><span>La bobina </span><code>L</code><span> se opone al paso de </span><code>CA</code><span> a través de reactancia inductiva, proporcional al </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeficiente_(matem%C3%A1tica)'><span>coeficiente</span></a><span> de </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoinducci%C3%B3n'><span>autoinducción</span></a><span> </span><code>L</code><span> , a la </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidad_angular'><span>pulsación</span></a><span> </span><code>ω</code><span> y por consiguiente a la frecuencia </span><code>f</code><span>. A mayor frecuencia de la </span><code>CA</code><span>, mayor reactancia inductiva. </span><code>L</code><span> se opone con más fuerza a los aumentos de la frecuencia se comporta de forma contraria al condensador, la tensión </span><code>E</code><span> se adelanta de 90° a la intensidad </span><code>I</code><span>.</span></p><p><img src="https://github.com/redeltaglio/RNMnetwork/raw/master/Images/circuito_resistencia_bobina_serie.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p><span>In un circuito con una resistencia y una bobina en </span><a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_en_serie'><span>serie</span></a><span> como la resistencia no desfasa y la bobina si que lo hace predomina el efecto de </span><code>L</code><span>. El desfase en este caso es menor de 90° porqué interviene </span><code>R</code><span>.</span></p><p><span>Cuando hay condensadores, bobinas y resistencias en un circuito aparecen </span><a href='http://ingenieriaelectricafravedsa.blogspot.com/2014/11/tensiones-simples-y-compuestas.html'><span>tensiones combinadas</span></a><span> o de conjunto, intensidades combinadas o del conjunto e impedancias. </span></p><p><img src="https://github.com/redeltaglio/RNMnetwork/raw/master/Images/circuito_resistencia_condensador_serie.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p><span>En los circuitos </span><code>R-C</code><span> también hay caída de tensión menor de 90°. </span><code>R</code><span> aminora este desfase. La tensión del conjunto es la suma de la caídas en </span><code>R</code><span> y </span><code>C</code><span>.</span></p><p><img src="https://github.com/redeltaglio/RNMnetwork/raw/master/Images/circuito_resistencia_bobina_condensador_serie.jpg" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></p><p> </p><h2 id='bibliografía'><span>Bibliografía </span></h2><ul><li><span>Libro de examen de radioaficionado, Luis Alarcón Palencia </span><code>EA4DXP</code></li><li><a href='https://www.simbologia-electronica.com/'><span>Símbolos eléctricos & electrónicos</span></a><span>. </span></li><li><a href='http://opencircuitdesign.com/xcircuit/'><span>Xcircuit</span></a></li></ul></div></div>
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