diff --git a/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/PCB/retificador_mediaonda.ps b/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/PCB/retificador_mediaonda.ps new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1b515652 --- /dev/null +++ b/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/PCB/retificador_mediaonda.ps @@ -0,0 +1,327 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Title: retificador_mediaonda +%%Creator: XCircuit v3.9 rev73 +%%CreationDate: Fri Feb 4 13:04:58 2022 +%%Pages: 1 +%%BoundingBox: 68 68 688 260 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +% +% PostScript prolog for output from xcircuit +% Version: 3.9 +% +% Electrical circuit (and otherwise general) drawing program +% +% Written by Tim Edwards 8/5/93--4/12/16 (tim@opencircuitdesign.com) +% The Johns Hopkins University (1993-2004) +% MultiGiG, Inc. (2004-2012) +% Open Circuit Design (2012-2016) +% +%%BeginResource: procset XCIRCproc 3.9 1 +% +% supporting definitions --- these are the primary xcircuit types. + +/XCIRCsave save def +/topmat matrix currentmatrix def + +/fontslant { /slant exch def [1 0 slant 1 0 0] + exch findfont exch makefont dup length dict /ndict exch def + { 1 index /FID ne { ndict 3 1 roll put } { pop pop } ifelse } forall + ndict definefont pop} def +/ul { count 0 gt { dup type /stringtype eq showflag 1 eq and { gsave + currentpoint topmat setmatrix 0 0 moveto 2 index stringwidth pop (_) + false charpath flattenpath pathbbox grestore exch pop 1 index + sub setlinewidth exch pop currentpoint 3 -1 roll add moveto 0 + rlineto stroke moveto } if } if } def +/ol { count 0 gt { dup type /stringtype eq showflag 1 eq and { gsave gsave + currentpoint topmat setmatrix 2 index stringwidth pop 3 index + true charpath flattenpath pathbbox grestore exch pop + exch pop topmat setmatrix (_) true charpath pathbbox grestore + exch pop 1 index sub setlinewidth exch pop currentpoint + exch 4 1 roll exch sub add moveto pop 0 rlineto stroke + moveto } if } if } def +/stW { gsave currentpoint newpath moveto true charpath flattenpath + pathbbox pop exch pop sub grestore } def +/Ts {mark Tabs aload pop counttomark 1 add array astore /Tabs exch def Tabs + 0 currentpoint pop put} def +/Tbn {mark Tabs aload pop counttomark dup 2 add 1 roll cleartomark 1 sub} def +/Tb { 0 1 Tbn {Tabs exch get dup currentpoint pop lt + {currentpoint exch pop moveto exit} {pop} ifelse } for } def +/Tf { Tbn -1 0 {Tabs exch get dup currentpoint pop gt + {currentpoint exch pop moveto exit} {pop} ifelse } for } def +/qS { (aa) stW (a a) stW sub 4 div 0 Kn } def +/hS { qS qS } def +/pspc 0 def +/cf0 { scalefont setfont } bind def +/Kn { dup kY add /kY exch def rmoveto } bind def +/ss { /fscale fscale 0.67 mul def currentfont 0.67 cf0 0 fscale0 fscale mul + 0.33 mul neg Kn} def +/Ss { /fscale fscale 0.67 mul def currentfont 0.67 cf0 0 fscale0 fscale mul + 0.67 mul Kn } def +/ns { 0 kY neg Kn /kY 0 def /fscale 1.0 def xfont0 1.0 cf0 } def +/MR { /twidth exch def } def +/CRx { } def +/CR { ns 0 /Bline Bline fscale0 neg add def Bline moveto CRx } def +/cf { dup type /realtype ne {1.0} if exch findfont exch kY 0 eq + { 40 mul dup /fscale0 exch def cf0 /xfont0 currentfont def} + {fscale0 mul fscale mul cf0} ifelse } def +/ctmk { counttomark dup 2 add -1 roll pop } bind def +/label { gsave translate 0 0 moveto dup scale neg + /rotval exch def /twidth 100000 def /just exch def just 128 and + 0 gt {/mshow {pop} def} {/mshow {show} def} ifelse just 16 and 0 + gt {gsave rotval rotate 0 1 dtransform gsave pagemat setmatrix + idtransform exch grestore 1 0 dtransform gsave pagemat setmatrix + idtransform exch grestore dup abs 1e-9 lt {pop mul 0 gt} {3 1 roll + pop pop 0 lt} ifelse grestore {-1 /rotval rotval neg def /just just + dup 3 and 1 ne {3 xor} if def} {1} ifelse exch -1e-9 lt {-1 /rotval + rotval neg def /just just dup 12 and 4 ne {12 xor} if def} {1} + ifelse scale } if /showflag 0 def /fspc pspc def /Bline 0 def + /numlines 0 def /padding 0 array def /Tabs 0 array def + /fscale 1.0 def /kY 0 def gsave /CRx { linewid padding + aload pop numlines 1 add dup /numlines exch def array astore + /padding exch def /linewid 0 def } def dup 1 add copy dup 1 0 + dtransform exch atan rotate {exch dup type /stringtype eq {gsave dup + gsave newpath 0 0 moveto true charpath flattenpath pathbbox pop exch + pop exch pop grestore currentpoint pop add dup /linewid exch def twidth + ge {grestore CR exch 1 add dup 2 add {CR} exch 1 roll exch} {grestore} + ifelse true charpath flattenpath} {dup type /arraytype eq {exec} {12 + string cvs true charpath flattenpath} ifelse} ifelse} repeat + CRx /CRx {padding aload pop just 1280 and 0 gt {blockwid exch sub just + 1024 and 0 gt {0.5 mul} if} {pop 0} ifelse 0 rmoveto numlines 1 sub + dup /numlines exch def array astore /padding exch def} def exch pop + pathbbox grestore 4 copy pop exch pop exch sub /blockwid exch def + 3 -1 roll pop 3 1 roll just 1 and 0 gt {just 2 and + 0 gt {exch pop neg fspc sub} {exch sub 0.5 mul neg} ifelse} {pop neg + fspc add} ifelse exch Bline exch just 4 and 0 gt {just 8 and 0 gt + {exch pop neg fspc sub} {add 0.5 mul neg} ifelse} {pop neg fspc add} + ifelse rotval rotate Kn currentpoint translate /showflag 1 def /Bline + 0 def /Tabs 0 array def /fscale 1.0 def /kY 0 def CRx {dup type + /stringtype eq {mshow} {dup type /arraytype eq {exec} {12 string cvs + mshow} ifelse} ifelse} repeat grestore endclip} def +/pinlabel { 4 index 32 and 0 ne hlevel 0 eq or { /pspc 10 def label + /pspc 0 def } { pop pop pop pop pop {pop} repeat } ifelse } def +/pinglobal { pinlabel } def +/infolabel { pinlabel } def +/graphic { gsave 4 index cvx exec /DataSource get resetfile translate 0 0 + moveto neg rotate dup scale cvx exec image grestore endclip} def + +/scb { setrgbcolor } bind def /sce { defColor aload pop scb } bind def +/cRedef {/defColor currentcolor 3 array astore def} def +/begingate {dup type /dicttype ne {1 dict} if begin % default params + dup type /dicttype ne {1 dict} if begin % instanced params + /hlevel hlevel 1 add def /defColor currentcolor sce 3 array astore + def gsave sce translate 0 0 moveto neg rotate dup type /nametype + eq not { dup abs currentlinewidth exch div setlinewidth } { pop } + ifelse dup abs scale clipped 1 and 1 eq {/clipped clipped 1 add def} + if} bind def +/endgate { /hlevel hlevel 1 sub def grestore defColor aload pop cRedef + scb end end endclip} bind def + +/hlevel 0 def +/endclip {clipped 1 and 1 eq {grestore /clipped clipped 1 sub def} if} def +/tmpa [1 0 0 1 0 0] def +/gar {8 8 true tmpa {} imagemask} bind +{8 8 true tmpa {<30 70 60 02 03 07 06 20>} imagemask} bind +{8 8 true tmpa {<0c 1e 1e 0c c0 e1 e1 c0>} imagemask} bind +{8 8 true tmpa {<0f 0f 0f 0f f0 f0 f0 f0>} imagemask} bind +{8 8 true tmpa {<3f f3 e1 e1 f3 3f 1e 1e>} imagemask} bind +{8 8 true tmpa {} imagemask} bind +{8 8 true tmpa {} imagemask} bind 7 array astore def +/ppaint { gsave clip tmpa dup setmatrix pathbbox neg exch neg 4 2 roll + neg 4 -1 roll 2 copy gt {exch} if 8 div ceiling 8 mul 4 2 roll neg 2 copy + gt {exch} if 8 div ceiling 8 mul 3 -1 roll -8 5 -1 roll + { 3 index exch 5 exch put dup -8 3 index { 3 index + exch 4 exch put 3 index exec } for } for pop pop pop pop grestore } bind def +/setstyles { + currentlinewidth mul setlinewidth /style exch def style 2048 and 0 gt + clipped 1 and 0 eq and {clip newpath /clipped clipped 1 add def} { + style 1 and 0 gt not {closepath} if + style 1024 and 0 gt {2 setlinecap 0 setlinejoin} if + style 2 and 0 gt {currentlinewidth 4 mul dup 2 array astore 0 setdash} if + style 4 and 0 gt {0.5 currentlinewidth 4 mul 2 array astore 0 setdash} if + gsave style 16 and 0 gt { style 224 and -5 bitshift style 256 and 0 gt { + 7 exch sub 8 div dup 1 exch sub currentrgbcolor 3 array astore + {3 copy mul add 4 1 roll pop} forall pop pop setrgbcolor eofill} + {dup 7 lt {gar exch get ppaint} {pop eofill} ifelse} ifelse} + {style 256 and 0 gt {1 setgray eofill} if} ifelse grestore style 8 and 0 gt + style 512 eq or {newpath} {stroke} ifelse grestore endclip} ifelse} def + +/addtoy {exch dup dup 2 mul 3 add 1 roll -1 1 { 4 1 roll dup 4 1 roll add + 4 -1 roll 2 mul 1 add index 2 mul 2 add 2 roll} for pop} def +/addtoy1 {1 exch addtoy pop} def +/addtoy3 {3 exch addtoy pop} def +/addtoy4 {4 exch addtoy pop} def +/addtox {exch dup dup 2 mul 3 add 1 roll -1 1 { 4 1 roll dup 4 1 roll 3 -1 roll + add exch 4 -1 roll 2 mul 1 add index 2 mul 2 add 2 roll} for pop} def +/addtox1 {1 exch addtox pop} def +/addtox3 {3 exch addtox pop} def +/addtox4 {4 exch addtox pop} def +/polygon { gsave /num exch def moveto num 1 sub {lineto} repeat setstyles } def +/xcarc { gsave newpath arc setstyles } def +/elb { matrix currentmatrix 7 -1 roll 7 -1 roll translate 5 1 roll 4 -1 roll + 3 index div 1 scale } def +/ele { 0 4 1 roll 0 4 1 roll } bind def +/ellipse { gsave elb newpath ele arc setmatrix setstyles } def +/pellip { elb ele arc setmatrix } def +/nellip { elb ele arcn setmatrix } def +/spline { gsave moveto curveto setstyles } def +/polyc { {lineto} repeat } bind def +/beginpath { gsave moveto } bind def +/endpath { setstyles } bind def +/bop { 1 setlinecap 2 setlinejoin 6 setmiterlimit 0 0 0 scb cRedef + /clipped 0 def} def +/psinsertion {/PSobj save def /showpage {} def /setpagedevice {pop} def bop + rotate translate dup scale} def +/end_insert {PSobj restore} def +/setpagemat {/pagemat matrix currentmatrix def} def +/inchscale {setpagemat 0.375 mul dup scale} def +/cmscale {setpagemat 0.35433071 mul dup scale} def + +%%EndResource +%%EndProlog +% XCircuit output starts here. + +%%BeginSetup + +/inductors::inductor { +begingate +1 1.500 20 38 20 22 0 18 0 42 spline +1 1.500 20 18 20 2 0 -2 0 22 spline +1 1.500 20 -2 20 -18 0 -22 0 2 spline +1 1.500 20 -22 20 -38 0 -42 0 -18 spline +1 1.500 -20 -14 -20 -26 0 -22 0 -18 spline +1 1.500 -20 26 -20 14 0 18 0 22 spline +1 1.500 -20 6 -20 -6 0 -2 0 2 spline +1 1.000 0 -42 0 -64 2 polygon +1 1.000 0 42 0 64 2 polygon +1.000 0.000 0.000 scb +(l.1) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 9 -0.000 1.000 0 64 pinlabel +(l.2) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 13 -0.000 1.000 0 -64 pinlabel +0.180 0.545 0.341 scb +(spice:L%i %pl.1 %pl.2 1.0U) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 0 -0.000 1.000 -208 -160 +infolabel +(sim:l %pl.1 %pl.2) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 0 -0.000 1.000 -208 -208 infolabel +endgate +} def + +/transformers::Transformer { +<> begingate +1.000 -0.000 -32 0 inductors::inductor +1 1.000 -8 48 -8 -48 2 polygon +1 1.000 8 48 8 -48 2 polygon +1.000 180.000 32 0 inductors::inductor +1.000 0.000 0.000 scb +(1) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 25 -0.000 1.000 -32 64 pinlabel +(2) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 29 -0.000 1.000 -32 -64 pinlabel +(3) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 25 -0.000 1.000 32 64 pinlabel +(4) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 29 -0.000 1.000 32 -64 pinlabel +0.180 0.545 0.341 scb +mark @idx (pcb:T) {/Times-Roman cf} ctmk 20 -0.000 1.000 -96 -160 infolabel +endgate +} def + +/terminals::dot { +% trivial +begingate +248 1.000 0 0 6 0.000 360.000 xcarc +1.000 0.000 0.000 scb +(x) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 29 -0.000 1.000 0 0 pinlabel +endgate +} def + +/sources::gnd { +begingate +1 1.000 0 0 0 -32 2 polygon +1 1.500 -32 -32 32 -32 2 polygon +1 1.500 -18 -46 18 -46 2 polygon +1 1.500 -4 -60 4 -60 2 polygon +endgate +} def + +/terminals::arrowhead { +% trivial +begingate +8 -28 beginpath +3 -18 3 -15 0 0 curveto +-3 -15 -3 -18 -8 -28 curveto +-2 -26 2 -26 8 -28 curveto +249 +1.000 endpath +endgate +} def + +/terminals::arrow { +% trivial +begingate +1 0.800 0 -48 0 40 2 polygon +1.000 -0.000 0 64 terminals::arrowhead +endgate +} def + +/diodes::diode2 { +begingate +0 1.500 -18 -16 0 16 18 -16 3 polygon +0 1.500 -18 16 18 16 2 polygon +1 1.000 0 -48 0 -16 2 polygon +1 1.000 0 48 0 16 2 polygon +1.000 0.000 0.000 scb +(d.m) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 9 -0.000 1.000 0 48 pinlabel +(d.p) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 13 -0.000 1.000 0 -48 pinlabel +endgate +} def + +/euro::R { +begingate +1 1.000 0 80 0 40 2 polygon +1 1.000 -16 40 16 40 16 -40 -16 -40 -16 40 5 polygon +1 1.000 0 -40 0 -80 2 polygon +endgate +} def + + +%%EndSetup + +%%Page: 1 1 +%%PageOrientation: Portrait +/pgsave save def bop +1.0000 inchscale +2.6000 setlinewidth 1168 188 translate + +1 1.000 16 192 0 192 2 polygon +1.000 0.000 -624 192 transformers::Transformer +1.000 0.000 -960 288 terminals::dot +1 1.000 -960 288 -656 288 -656 256 3 polygon +1.000 0.000 -784 64 sources::gnd +1 1.000 -656 128 -656 64 -960 64 3 polygon +1.000 0.000 -960 64 terminals::dot +1.000 0.000 -960 224 terminals::arrow +1.000 180.000 -960 128 terminals::arrow +(Vred) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 16 0.000 0.800 -928 192 label +(A) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 16 0.000 0.800 -976 32 label +1.000 90.000 -336 288 diodes::diode2 +1.000 0.000 -160 208 euro::R +1 1.000 -592 256 -592 288 -384 288 3 polygon +1 1.000 -304 288 -160 288 2 polygon +1.000 0.000 -784 64 terminals::dot +1 1.000 -160 128 -160 64 -592 64 -592 128 4 polygon +1.000 0.000 -512 64 sources::gnd +1.000 0.000 -512 64 terminals::dot +1.000 270.000 -352 256 terminals::arrow +1.000 0.000 -208 192 terminals::arrow +1.000 0.000 -560 192 terminals::arrow +(Vi) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 16 0.000 0.800 -544 192 label +(V) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 16 0.000 0.800 -352 224 label +(Vo) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 16 0.000 0.800 -240 192 label +1 1.000 -432 128 45 0.000 360.000 xcarc +1.000 210.000 -400 96 terminals::arrowhead +0.180 0.545 0.341 scb +(I) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 16 0.000 0.800 -432 128 infolabel +sce +{/Times-Roman cf} 1 16 0.000 0.800 656 496 label +(I) {/Times-Roman cf} 2 16 0.000 0.800 -432 128 label +pgsave restore showpage + +%%Trailer +XCIRCsave restore +%%EOF diff --git a/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/PCB/retificador_mediaonda.svg b/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/PCB/retificador_mediaonda.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..24e35063 --- /dev/null +++ b/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/PCB/retificador_mediaonda.svg @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ + + +XCircuit Version 3.9 +File "retificador_mediaonda" Page 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Vred + + +A + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Vi + + +V + + +Vo + + + + +I + + + + + +I + + + diff --git a/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/URE_3.md b/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/URE_3.md index eea2c092..4459ee6f 100644 --- a/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/URE_3.md +++ b/es.telecomlobby.com/radio_aficion/URE_3.md @@ -64,6 +64,10 @@ De forma simplificada, la curva característica de un diodo (`I V`) consta de do Debido a las características expuestas de los diodos, tienen diversas aplicaciones, tales como: [rectificadores](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectificador), [estabilizadores](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulador_de_tensi%C3%B3n), [recortadores](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitador), [multiplicadores](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicador_de_tensi%C3%B3n), [mezcladores](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezclador_de_frecuencias). Veamos seguidamente cuatro delas aplicaciones más usuales. +#### 3.3.1 Diodos rectificadores, diodos zener, diodos LED y diodos varicap. + + + ## Bibliografía - Libro de examen de radioaficionado, Luis Alarcón Palencia `EA4DXP` \ No newline at end of file