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"name": "Develop Content",
"description": "Create or acquire text, images, and other content",
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"description": "Selecting platforms and affordances assesses which online or offline platforms and their associated affordances maximise an influence operation\u2019s ability to reach its target audience. To select the most appropriate platform(s), an operation may assess the technological affordances including platform algorithms, terms of service, permitted content types, or other attributes that determine platform usability and accessibility. Selecting platforms includes both choosing platforms on which the operation will publish its own content and platforms on which the operation will attempt to restrict adversarial content.",
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],
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"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.319623Z",
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"description": "Release content on a targetted small scale, prior to general release, including releasing seed. Used for preparation before broader release, and as message honing. Used for preparation before broader release, and as message honing.",
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{
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}
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],
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"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.319893Z",
"name": "Deliver Content",
"description": "Release content to general public or larger population",
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"name": "Drive Offline Activity",
"description": "Move incident/campaign from online to offline. Encouraging users to move from the platform on which they initially viewed operation content and engage in the physical information space or offline world. This may include operation-aligned rallies or protests, radio, newspaper, or billboards. An influence operation may drive to physical forums to diversify its information channels and facilitate spaces where the target audience can engage with both operation content and like-minded individuals offline.",
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/tactics/TA10.md",
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}
],
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],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.320492Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.320492Z",
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"description": "Persist in the Information Space refers to taking measures that allow an operation to maintain its presence and avoid takedown by an external entity. Techniques in Persist in the Information Space help campaigns operate without detection and appear legitimate to the target audience and platform monitoring services. Influence operations on social media often persist online by varying the type of information assets and platforms used throughout the campaign.",
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{
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/tactics/TA11.md",
"external_id": "TA11"
}
],
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],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.320822Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.320822Z",
"name": "Assess Effectiveness",
"description": "Assess effectiveness of action, for use in future plans",
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"source_name": "DISARM",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/tactics/TA12.md",
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}
],
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],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.321082Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.321082Z",
"name": "Target Audience Analysis",
"description": "Identifying and analysing the target audience examines target audience member locations, political affiliations, financial situations, and other attributes that an influence operation may incorporate into its messaging strategy. During this tactic, influence operations may also identify existing similarities and differences between target audience members to unite like groups and divide opposing groups. Identifying and analysing target audience members allows influence operations to tailor operation strategy and content to their analysis.",
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{
"source_name": "DISARM",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/tactics/TA13.md",
"external_id": "TA13"
}
],
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],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.32137Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.32137Z",
"name": "Develop Narratives",
"description": "The promotion of beneficial master narratives is perhaps the most effective method for achieving long-term strategic narrative dominance. From a \"\"whole of society\"\" perspective the promotion of the society's core master narratives should occupy a central strategic role. From a misinformation campaign / cognitive security perpectve the tactics around master narratives centre more precisely on the day-to-day promotion and reinforcement of this messaging. In other words, beneficial, high-coverage master narratives are a central strategic goal and their promotion constitutes an ongoing tactical struggle carried out at a whole-of-society level. Tactically, their promotion covers a broad spectrum of activities both on- and offline.",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "DISARM",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/tactics/TA14.md",
"external_id": "TA14"
}
],
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],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.322106Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.322106Z",
"name": "Establish Assets",
"description": "Establishing information assets generates messaging tools, including social media accounts, operation personnel, and organisations, including directly and indirectly managed assets. For assets under their direct control, the operation can add, change, or remove these assets at will. Establishing information assets allows an influence operation to promote messaging directly to the target audience without navigating through external entities. Many online influence operations create or compromise social media accounts as a primary vector of information dissemination.\n\nThis Tactic was previously called Establish Social Assets.",
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{
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/tactics/TA15.md",
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}
],
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],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.323279Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.323279Z",
"name": "Establish Legitimacy",
"description": "Establish assets that create trust",
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{
"source_name": "DISARM",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/tactics/TA16.md",
"external_id": "TA16"
}
],
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],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.324177Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.324177Z",
"name": "Maximise Exposure",
"description": "Maximise exposure of the target audience to incident/campaign content via flooding, amplifying, and cross-posting.",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "DISARM",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/tactics/TA17.md",
"external_id": "TA17"
}
],
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],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.324963Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.324963Z",
"name": "Drive Online Harms",
"description": "Actions taken by an influence operation to harm their opponents in online spaces through harassment, suppression, releasing private information, and controlling the information space through offensive cyberspace operations.",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "DISARM",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/tactics/TA18.md",
"external_id": "TA18"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_shortname": "drive-online-harms"
},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.328302Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.328302Z",
"name": "Facilitate State Propaganda",
"description": "Organise citizens around pro-state messaging. Coordinate paid or volunteer groups to push state propaganda.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "plan-objectives"
}
],
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0002.md",
"external_id": "T0002"
}
],
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],
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"Linux",
"Mac"
],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.329903Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.329903Z",
"name": "Leverage Existing Narratives",
"description": "Use or adapt existing narrative themes, where narratives are the baseline stories of a target audience. Narratives form the bedrock of our worldviews. New information is understood through a process firmly grounded in this bedrock. If new information is not consitent with the prevailing narratives of an audience, it will be ignored. Effective campaigns will frame their misinformation in the context of these narratives. Highly effective campaigns will make extensive use of audience-appropriate archetypes and meta-narratives throughout their content creation and amplifiction practices.",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "develop-narratives"
}
],
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0003.md",
"external_id": "T0003"
}
],
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],
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},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.331268Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.331268Z",
"name": "Develop Competing Narratives",
"description": "Advance competing narratives connected to same issue ie: on one hand deny incident while at same time expresses dismiss. Suppressing or discouraging narratives already spreading requires an alternative. The most simple set of narrative techniques in response would be the construction and promotion of contradictory alternatives centred on denial, deflection, dismissal, counter-charges, excessive standards of proof, bias in prohibition or enforcement, and so on. These competing narratives allow loyalists cover, but are less compelling to opponents and fence-sitters than campaigns built around existing narratives or highly explanatory master narratives. Competing narratives, as such, are especially useful in the \"firehose of misinformation\" approach.",
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"phase_name": "develop-narratives"
}
],
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0004.md",
"external_id": "T0004"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.33212Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.33212Z",
"name": "Create Inauthentic Social Media Pages and Groups",
"description": "Create key social engineering assets needed to amplify content, manipulate algorithms, fool public and/or specific incident/campaign targets. Computational propaganda depends substantially on false perceptions of credibility and acceptance. By creating fake users and groups with a variety of interests and commitments, attackers can ensure that their messages both come from trusted sources and appear more widely adopted than they actually are.",
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{
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}
],
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0007.md",
"external_id": "T0007"
}
],
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],
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--bacbdfd3-f8c2-4126-a9f3-1b75576fa5e7",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.333012Z",
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Bots and/or patriotic trolls are effective tools to achieve this effect.
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.349076Z",
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"name": "Flood Existing Hashtag",
"description": "Hashtags can be used by communities to collate information they post about particular topics (such as their interests, or current events) and users can find communities to join by exploring hashtags they\u2019re interested in.
Threat actors can flood an existing hashtag to try to ruin hashtag functionality, posting content unrelated to the hashtag alongside it, making it a less reliable source of relevant information. They may also try to flood existing hashtags with campaign content, with the intent of maximising exposure to users.
This Technique covers cases where threat actors flood existing hashtags with campaign content.
This Technique covers behaviours previously documented by T0019.002: Hijack Hashtags, which has since been deprecated. This Technique was previously called Hijack Existing Hashtag.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.349745Z",
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"name": "Bots Amplify via Automated Forwarding and Reposting",
"description": "Automated forwarding and reposting refer to the proliferation of operation content using automated means, such as artificial intelligence or social media bots. An influence operation may use automated activity to increase content exposure without dedicating the resources, including personnel and time, traditionally required to forward and repost content. Use bots to amplify narratives above algorithm thresholds. Bots are automated/programmed profiles designed to amplify content (ie: automatically retweet or like) and give appearance it's more \"popular\" than it is. They can operate as a network, to function in a coordinated/orchestrated manner. In some cases (more so now) they are an inexpensive/disposable assets used for minimal deployment as bot detection tools improve and platforms are more responsive.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.350087Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.350087Z",
"name": "Utilise Spamoflauge",
"description": "Spamoflauge refers to the practice of disguising spam messages as legitimate. Spam refers to the use of electronic messaging systems to send out unrequested or unwanted messages in bulk. Simple methods of spamoflauge include replacing letters with numbers to fool keyword-based email spam filters, for example, \"you've w0n our jackp0t!\". Spamoflauge may extend to more complex techniques such as modifying the grammar or word choice of the language, casting messages as images which spam detectors cannot automatically read, or encapsulating messages in password protected attachments, such as .pdf or .zip files. Influence operations may use spamoflauge to avoid spam filtering systems and increase the likelihood of the target audience receiving operation messaging.",
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"name": "Conduct Swarming",
"description": "Swarming refers to the coordinated use of accounts to overwhelm the information space with operation content. Unlike information flooding, swarming centres exclusively around a specific event or actor rather than a general narrative. Swarming relies on \u201chorizontal communication\u201d between information assets rather than a top-down, vertical command-and-control approach.",
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"name": "Conduct Keyword Squatting",
"description": "Keyword squatting refers to the creation of online content, such as websites, articles, or social media accounts, around a specific search engine-optimized term to overwhelm the search results of that term. An influence may keyword squat to increase content exposure to target audience members who query the exploited term in a search engine and manipulate the narrative around the term.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.35121Z",
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"name": "Inauthentic Sites Amplify News and Narratives",
"description": "Inauthentic sites circulate cross-post stories and amplify narratives. Often these sites have no masthead, bylines or attribution.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.351504Z",
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"name": "Generate Information Pollution",
"description": "Information Pollution occurs when threat actors attempt to ruin a source of information by flooding it with lots of inauthentic or unreliable content, intending to make it harder for legitimate users to find the information they\u2019re looking for.
This sub-technique\u2019s objective is to reduce exposure to target information, rather than promoting exposure to campaign content, for which the parent Technique T0049 can be used.
Analysts will need to infer what the motive for flooding an information space was when deciding whether to use T0049 or T0049.008 to tag a case when an information space is flooded. If such inference is not possible, default to T0049.
This Technique previously used the ID T0019.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.351843Z",
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"name": "Organise Events",
"description": "Coordinate and promote real-world events across media platforms, e.g. rallies, protests, gatherings in support of incident narratives.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.352216Z",
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"name": "Pay for Physical Action",
"description": "Paying for physical action occurs when an influence operation pays individuals to act in the physical realm. An influence operation may pay for physical action to create specific situations and frame them in a way that supports operation narratives, for example, paying a group of people to burn a car to later post an image of the burning car and frame it as an act of protest.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.352658Z",
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"name": "Conduct Symbolic Action",
"description": "Symbolic action refers to activities specifically intended to advance an operation\u2019s narrative by signalling something to the audience, for example, a military parade supporting a state\u2019s narrative of military superiority. An influence operation may use symbolic action to create falsified evidence supporting operation narratives in the physical information space.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.35304Z",
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"name": "Play the Long Game",
"description": "Play the long game refers to two phenomena: 1. To plan messaging and allow it to grow organically without conducting your own amplification. This is methodical and slow and requires years for the message to take hold 2. To develop a series of seemingly disconnected messaging narratives that eventually combine into a new narrative.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.3534Z",
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"name": "Continue to Amplify",
"description": "continue narrative or message amplification after the main incident work has finished",
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"name": "Sell Merchandise",
"description": "Sell mechandise refers to getting the message or narrative into physical space in the offline world while making money",
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"name": "Prepare Physical Broadcast Capabilities",
"description": "Create or coopt broadcast capabilities (e.g. TV, radio etc).",
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"name": "Degrade Adversary",
"description": "Plan to degrade an adversary\u2019s image or ability to act. This could include preparation and use of harmful information about the adversary\u2019s actions or reputation.",
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"name": "Respond to Breaking News Event or Active Crisis",
"description": "Media attention on a story or event is heightened during a breaking news event, where unclear facts and incomplete information increase speculation, rumours, and conspiracy theories, which are all vulnerable to manipulation.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.355426Z",
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"name": "Segment Audiences",
"description": "Create audience segmentations by features of interest to the influence campaign, including political affiliation, geographic location, income, demographics, and psychographics.",
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Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques:
T0085.008: Machine Translated Text: Use this sub-technique when AI has been used to generate a translation of a piece of text.",
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Flagging articles as opinions allow news organisations to distinguish them from the typical expectations of objective news reporting while distancing the presented opinion from the organisation or its employees.
The use of this technique is not by itself an indication of malicious or inauthentic content; Op-eds are a common format in media. However, threat actors exploit op-eds to, for example, submit opinion articles to local media to promote their narratives.
Examples from the perspective of a news site involve publishing op-eds from perceived prestigious voices to give legitimacy to an inauthentic publication, or supporting causes by hosting op-eds from actors aligned with the organisation\u2019s goals.",
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Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques:
T0145.002: AI-Generated Account Imagery: Analysts should use this sub-technique to document use of AI generated imagery in accounts\u2019 profile pictures or other account imagery.",
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"name": "Identify Susceptible Targets in Networks",
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"description": "Butterfly attacks occur when operators pretend to be members of a certain social group, usually a group that struggles for representation. An influence operation may mimic a group to insert controversial statements into the discourse, encourage the spread of operation content, or promote harassment among group members. Unlike astroturfing, butterfly attacks aim to infiltrate and discredit existing grassroots movements, organisations, and media campaigns.",
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"name": "Develop Owned Media Assets",
"description": "An owned media asset refers to an agency or organisation through which an influence operation may create, develop, and host content and narratives. Owned media assets include websites, blogs, social media pages, forums, and other platforms that facilitate the creation and organisation of content.",
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"name": "Leverage Content Farms",
"description": "Using the services of large-scale content providers for creating and amplifying campaign artefacts at scale.",
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"name": "Outsource Content Creation to External Organisations",
"description": "An influence operation may outsource content creation to external companies to avoid attribution, increase the rate of content creation, or improve content quality, i.e., by employing an organisation that can create content in the target audience\u2019s native language. Employed organisations may include marketing companies for tailored advertisements or external content farms for high volumes of targeted media.",
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"name": "Present Persona",
"description": "This Technique contains different types of personas commonly taken on by threat actors during influence operations.
Analysts should use T0097\u2019s sub-techniques to document the type of persona which an account is presenting. For example, an account which describes itself as being a journalist can be tagged with T0097.102: Journalist Persona.
Personas presented by individuals include:
T0097.100: Individual Persona
T0097.101: Local Persona
T0097.102: Journalist Persona
T0097.103: Activist Persona
T0097.104: Hacktivist Persona
T0097.105: Military Personnel Persona
T0097.106: Recruiter Persona
T0097.107: Researcher Persona
T0097.108: Expert Persona
T0097.109: Romantic Suitor Persona
T0097.110: Party Official Persona
T0097.111: Government Official Persona
T0097.112: Government Employee Persona
This Technique also houses institutional personas commonly taken on by threat actors:
T0097.200: Institutional Persona
T0097.201: Local Institution Persona
T0097.202: News Outlet Persona
T0097.203: Fact Checking Organisation Persona
T0097.204: Think Tank Persona
T0097.205: Business Persona
T0097.206: Government Institution Persona
T0097.207: NGO Persona
T0097.208: Social Cause Persona
By using a persona, a threat actor is adding the perceived legitimacy of the persona to their narratives and activities.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.383638Z",
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"name": "Individual Persona",
"description": "This sub-technique can be used to indicate that an entity is presenting itself as an individual. If the person is presenting themselves as having one of the personas listed below then these sub-techniques should be used instead, as they indicate both the type of persona they presented and that the entity presented itself as an individual:
T0097.101: Local Persona
T0097.102: Journalist Persona
T0097.103: Activist Persona
T0097.104: Hacktivist Persona
T0097.105: Military Personnel Persona
T0097.106: Recruiter Persona
T0097.107: Researcher Persona
T0097.108: Expert Persona
T0097.109: Romantic Suitor Persona
T0097.110: Party Official Persona
T0097.111: Government Official Persona
T0097.112: Government Employee Persona",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.384037Z",
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"name": "Local Persona",
"description": "A person with a local persona presents themselves as living in a particular geography or having local knowledge relevant to a narrative.
While presenting as a local is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour,\u00a0 an influence operation may have its narratives amplified by people presenting as local to a target area. Threat actors can fabricate locals (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.101: Local Persona) to add credibility to their narratives, or to misrepresent the real opinions of locals in the area.
People who are legitimate locals (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.101: Local Persona) can use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors. For example, someone could take money for using their position as a local to provide legitimacy to a false narrative or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.201: Local Institution Persona: Analysts should use this sub-technique to catalogue cases where an institution is presenting as a local, such as a local news organisation or local business.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.101.md",
"external_id": "T0097.101"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--930ddf1d-7dc9-4fb2-9f5c-be928d2eb909",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.384404Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.384404Z",
"name": "Journalist Persona",
"description": "A person with a journalist persona presents themselves as a reporter or journalist delivering news, conducting interviews, investigations etc.
While presenting as a journalist is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, an influence operation may have its narratives amplified by people presenting as journalists. Threat actors can fabricate journalists to give the appearance of legitimacy, justifying the actor\u2019s requests for interviews, etc (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.102: Journalist Persona).
People who have legitimately developed a persona as a journalist (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.102: Journalist Persona) can use it for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors. For example, someone could take money for using their position as a trusted journalist to provide legitimacy to a false narrative or be tricked into doing so without the journalist\u2019s knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.202: News Organisation Persona: People with a journalist persona may present as being part of a news organisation.
T0097.101: Local Persona: People with a journalist persona may present themselves as local reporters.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.102.md",
"external_id": "T0097.102"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--001e2693-c7a6-4615-b06a-90ae22d7b353",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.384802Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.384802Z",
"name": "Activist Persona",
"description": "A person with an activist persona presents themselves as an activist; an individual who campaigns for a political cause, organises related events, etc.
While presenting as an activist is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, an influence operation may have its narratives amplified by people presenting as activists. Threat actors can fabricate activists to give the appearance of popular support for an evolving grassroots movement (see T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.103: Activist Persona).
People who are legitimate activists can use this persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors. For example, someone could take money for using their position as an activist to provide visibility to a false narrative or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.103: Activist Persona).
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.104: Hacktivist Persona: Analysts should use this sub-technique to catalogue cases where an individual is presenting themselves as someone engaged in activism who uses technical tools and methods, including building technical infrastructure and conducting offensive cyber operations, to achieve their goals.
T0097.207: NGO Persona: People with an activist persona may present as being part of an NGO.
T0097.208: Social Cause Persona: Analysts should use this sub-technique to catalogue cases where an online account is presenting as posting content related to a particular social cause, while not presenting as an individual.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.103.md",
"external_id": "T0097.103"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--976faac5-b7e1-4a1d-b52f-4878109e2dc9",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.385218Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.385218Z",
"name": "Hacktivist Persona",
"description": "A person with a hacktivist persona presents themselves as an activist who conducts offensive cyber operations or builds technical infrastructure for political purposes, rather than the financial motivations commonly attributed to hackers; hacktivists are hacker activists who use their technical knowledge to take political action.
Hacktivists can build technical infrastructure to support other activists, including secure communication channels and surveillance and censorship circumvention. They can also conduct DDOS attacks and other offensive cyber operations, aiming to take down digital assets or gain access to proprietary information. An influence operation may use hacktivist personas to support their operational narratives and legitimise their operational activities.
Fabricated Hacktivists are sometimes referred to as \u201cFaketivists\u201d.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.103: Activist Persona: Analysts should use this sub-technique to catalogue cases where an individual is presenting themselves as someone engaged in activism but doesn\u2019t present themselves as using technical tools and methods to achieve their goals.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.104.md",
"external_id": "T0097.104"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--dde28850-4198-4223-81b5-ff9b30b4e04f",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.385665Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.385665Z",
"name": "Military Personnel Persona",
"description": "A person with a military personnel persona presents themselves as a serving member or veteran of a military organisation operating in an official capacity on behalf of a government.
While presenting as military personnel is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour,\u00a0 an influence operation may have its narratives amplified by people presenting as military personnel. Threat actors can fabricate military personnel (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.105: Military Personnel Persona) to pose as experts on military topics, or to discredit geopolitical adversaries by pretending to be one of their military personnel and spreading discontent.
People who have legitimately developed a military persona (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.105: Military Personnel Persona) can use it for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors. For example, someone could take money for using their position as a member of the military to provide legitimacy to a false narrative or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.105.md",
"external_id": "T0097.105"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--d3e83913-e2d5-4dad-b917-2363100c6ca0",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.386035Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.386035Z",
"name": "Recruiter Persona",
"description": "A person with a recruiter persona presents themselves as a potential employer or provider of freelance work.
While presenting as a recruiter is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, threat actors fabricate recruiters (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.106: Recruiter Persona) to justify asking for personal information from their targets or to trick targets into working for the threat actors (without revealing who they are).
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.205: Business Persona: People with a recruiter persona may present as being part of a business which they are recruiting for.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.106.md",
"external_id": "T0097.106"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--e4ea9ed6-b158-4cdc-95c2-749383d2a388",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.386542Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.386542Z",
"name": "Researcher Persona",
"description": "A person with a researcher persona presents themselves as conducting research (e.g. for academic institutions, or think tanks), or having previously conducted research.
While presenting as a researcher is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour,\u00a0 an influence operation may have its narratives amplified by people presenting as researchers. Threat actors can fabricate researchers (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.107: Researcher Persona) to add credibility to their narratives.
People who are legitimate researchers (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.107: Researcher Persona) can use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors. For example, someone could take money for using their position as a Researcher to provide legitimacy to a false narrative or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.204: Think Tank Persona: People with a researcher persona may present as being part of a think tank.
T0097.108: Expert Persona: People who present as researching a given topic are likely to also present as having expertise in the area.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.107.md",
"external_id": "T0097.107"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--d9381123-f2ef-419a-b895-8f2147e26b15",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.386986Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.386986Z",
"name": "Expert Persona",
"description": "A person with an expert persona presents themselves as having expertise or experience in a field. Commonly the persona\u2019s expertise will be called upon to add credibility to a given narrative.
While presenting as an expert is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour,\u00a0 an influence operation may have its narratives amplified by people presenting as experts. Threat actors can fabricate experts (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.107: Researcher Persona) to add credibility to their narratives.
People who are legitimate experts (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.107: Researcher Persona) can make mistakes, use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors. For example, someone could take money for using their position as an expert to provide legitimacy to a false narrative or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.107: Researcher Persona: People who present as experts may also present as conducting or having conducted research into their specialist subject.
T0097.204: Think Tank Persona: People with an expert persona may present as being part of a think tank.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.108.md",
"external_id": "T0097.108"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--6270bd3c-efcf-4778-8512-065abffe9a88",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.387376Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.387376Z",
"name": "Romantic Suitor Persona",
"description": "A person with a romantic suitor persona presents themselves as seeking a romantic or physical connection with another person.
While presenting as seeking a romantic or physical connection is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, threat actors can use dating apps, social media channels or dating websites to fabricate romantic suitors to lure targets they can blackmail, extract information from, deceive or trick into giving them money (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.109: Romantic Suitor Persona).
Honeypotting in espionage and Big Butchering in scamming are commonly associated with romantic suitor personas.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0104.002: Dating App: Analysts can use this sub-technique for tagging cases where an account has been identified as using a dating platform.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.109.md",
"external_id": "T0097.109"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--fa4e9051-46d7-45b4-a65b-9376b003ad2a",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.387783Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.387783Z",
"name": "Party Official Persona",
"description": "A person who presents as an official member of a political party, such as leaders of political parties, candidates standing to represent constituents, and campaign staff.
Presenting as an official of a political party is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, however threat actors may fabricate individuals who work in political parties to add credibility to their narratives (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.110: Party Official Persona). They may also impersonate existing officials of political parties (T0143.003: Impersonated Persona, T0097.110: Party Official Persona).
Legitimate members of political parties could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.110: Party Official Persona). For example, an electoral candidate could take money for using their position to provide legitimacy to a false narrative, or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.111: Government Official Persona: Analysts should use this sub-technique to catalogue cases where an individual is presenting as a member of a government.\u00a0
Some party officials will also be government officials. For example, in the United Kingdom the head of government is commonly also the head of their political party.
Some party officials won\u2019t be government officials. For example, members of a party standing in an election, or party officials who work outside of government (e.g. campaign staff).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.110.md",
"external_id": "T0097.110"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--e41b04e4-b8c2-4f66-93d7-c148f3378008",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.38815Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.38815Z",
"name": "Government Official Persona",
"description": "A person who presents as an active or previous government official has the government official persona. These are officials serving in government, such as heads of government departments, leaders of countries, and members of government selected to represent constituents.
Presenting as a government official is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, however threat actors may fabricate individuals who work in government to add credibility to their narratives (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.111: Government Official Persona). They may also impersonate existing members of government (T0143.003: Impersonated Persona, T0097.111: Government Official Persona).
Legitimate government officials could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.111: Government Official Persona). For example, a government official could take money for using their position to provide legitimacy to a false narrative, or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.110: Party Official Persona: Analysts should use this sub-technique to catalogue cases where an individual is presenting as a member of a political party.\u00a0
Not all government officials are political party officials (such as outside experts brought into government) and not all political party officials are government officials (such as people standing for office who are not yet working in government).
T0097.206: Government Institution Persona: People presenting as members of a government may also represent a government institution which they are associated with.
T0097.112: Government Employee Persona: Analysts should use this sub-technique to document people presenting as professionals hired to serve in government institutions and departments, not officials selected to represent constituents, or assigned official roles in government (such as heads of departments).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.111.md",
"external_id": "T0097.111"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--66e1a3b9-d837-4eaa-9cdf-900663a8708d",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.388554Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.388554Z",
"name": "Government Employee Persona",
"description": "A person who presents as an active or previous civil servant has the government employee persona. These are professionals hired to serve in government institutions and departments, not officials selected to represent constituents, or assigned official roles in government (such as heads of departments).
Presenting as a government employee is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, however threat actors may fabricate individuals who work in government to add credibility to their narratives (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.112: Government Employee Persona). They may also impersonate existing government employees (T0143.003: Impersonated Persona, T0097.112: Government Employee Persona).
Legitimate government employees could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.112: Government Employee Persona). For example, a government employee could take money for using their position to provide legitimacy to a false narrative, or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.111: Government Official Persona: Analysts should use this technique to document people who present as an active or previous government official, such as heads of government departments, leaders of countries, and members of government selected to represent constituents.
T0097.206: Government Institution Persona: People presenting as members of a government may also present a government institution which they are associated with.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.112.md",
"external_id": "T0097.112"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Mac"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1"
},
{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--63ed1a5a-835e-4a51-9b95-0f0525a95186",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.388973Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.388973Z",
"name": "Institutional Persona",
"description": "This Technique can be used to indicate that an entity is presenting itself as an institution. If the organisation is presenting itself as having one of the personas listed below then these Techniques should be used instead, as they indicate both that the entity presented itself as an institution, and the type of persona they presented:
T0097.201: Local Institution Persona
T0097.202: News Outlet Persona
T0097.203: Fact Checking Organisation Persona
T0097.204: Think Tank Persona
T0097.205: Business Persona
T0097.206: Government Institution Persona
T0097.207: NGO Persona
T0097.208: Social Cause Persona",
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"name": "Local Institution Persona",
"description": "Institutions which present themselves as operating in a particular geography, or as having local knowledge relevant to a narrative, are presenting a local institution persona.
While presenting as a local institution is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, threat actors may present themselves as such (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.201: Local Institution Persona) to add credibility to their narratives, or misrepresent the real opinions of locals in the area.
Legitimate local institutions could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.201: Local Institution Persona). For example, a local institution could take money for using their position to provide legitimacy to a false narrative, or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.101: Local Persona: Institutions presenting as local may also present locals working within the organisation.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
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],
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.201.md",
"external_id": "T0097.201"
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--72268aef-baf4-4606-a3ba-837950a54f52",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.390521Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.390521Z",
"name": "News Outlet Persona",
"description": "An institution with a news outlet persona presents itself as an organisation which delivers new information to its target audience.
While presenting as a news outlet is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, an influence operation may have its narratives amplified by news organisations. Threat actors can fabricate news organisations (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.202: News Outlet Persona), or they can impersonate existing news outlets (T0143.003: Impersonated Persona, T0097.202: News Outlet Persona).
Legitimate news organisations could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.202: News Outlet Persona).
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques T0097.102: Journalist Persona: Institutions presenting as news outlets may also present journalists working within the organisation.
T0097.201: Local Institution Persona: Institutions presenting as news outlets may present as being a local news outlet.
T0097.203: Fact Checking Organisation Persona: Institutions presenting as news outlets may also deliver a fact checking service (e.g. The UK\u2019s BBC News has the fact checking service BBC Verify). When an actor presents as the fact checking arm of a news outlet, they are presenting both a News Outlet Persona and a Fact Checking Organisation Persona.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.202.md",
"external_id": "T0097.202"
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--97ba7c89-f5d0-49a4-a661-f8317b44cf20",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.390969Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.390969Z",
"name": "Fact Checking Organisation Persona",
"description": "An institution with a fact checking organisation persona presents itself as an organisation which produces reports which assess the validity of others\u2019 reporting / statements.
While presenting as a fact checking organisation is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, an influence operation may have its narratives amplified by fact checking organisations. Threat actors can fabricate fact checking organisations (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.202: News Outlet Persona), or they can impersonate existing fact checking outlets (T0143.003: Impersonated Persona, T0097.202: News Outlet Persona).
Legitimate fact checking organisations could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.202: News Outlet Persona).
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques T0097.102: Journalist Persona: Institutions presenting as fact checking organisations may also present journalists working within the organisation.
T0097.202: News Outlet Persona: Fact checking organisations may present as operating as part of a larger news outlet (e.g. The UK\u2019s BBC News has the fact checking service BBC Verify). When an actor presents as the fact checking arm of a news outlet, they are presenting both a News Outlet Persona and a Fact Checking Organisation Persona.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
}
],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.203.md",
"external_id": "T0097.203"
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"id": "attack-pattern--15ca8e62-e179-4dd8-9f5e-427771e915a3",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.391349Z",
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"name": "Think Tank Persona",
"description": "An institution with a think tank persona presents itself as a think tank; an organisation that aims to conduct original research and propose new policies or solutions, especially for social and scientific problems.
While presenting as a think tank is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, think tank personas are commonly used by threat actors as a front for their operational activity (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.204: Think Tank Persona). They may be created to give legitimacy to narratives and allow them to suggest politically beneficial solutions to societal issues.
Legitimate think tanks could have a political bias that they may not be transparent about, they could use their persona for malicious purposes, or they could be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.204: Think Tank Persona). For example, a think tank could take money for using their position to provide legitimacy to a false narrative, or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.107: Researcher Persona: Institutions presenting as think tanks may also present researchers working within the organisation.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
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],
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{
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.204.md",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.391786Z",
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"name": "Business Persona",
"description": "An institution with a business persona presents itself as a for-profit organisation which provides goods or services for a price.
While presenting as a business is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, business personas may be used by threat actors as a front for their operational activity (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.205: Business Persona).
Threat actors may also impersonate existing businesses (T0143.003: Impersonated Persona, T0097.205: Business Persona) to exploit their brand or cause reputational damage.
Legitimate businesses could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.205: Business Persona). For example, a business could take money for using their position to provide legitimacy to a false narrative, or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.205.md",
"external_id": "T0097.205"
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.392145Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.392145Z",
"name": "Government Institution Persona",
"description": "Institutions which present themselves as governments, or government ministries, are presenting a government institution persona.
While presenting as a government institution is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, threat actors may impersonate existing government institutions as part of their operation (T0143.003: Impersonated Persona, T0097.206: Government Institution Persona), to add legitimacy to their narratives, or discredit the government.
Legitimate government institutions could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.206: Government Institution Persona). For example, a government institution could be used by elected officials to spread inauthentic narratives.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.111: Government Official Persona: Institutions presenting as governments may also present officials working within the organisation.
T0097.112: Government Employee Persona: Institutions presenting as governments may also present employees working within the organisation.",
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
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],
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.206.md",
"external_id": "T0097.206"
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--f99e6f94-8c7d-42d7-8343-8d959643f721",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.392573Z",
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"name": "NGO Persona",
"description": "Institutions which present themselves as an NGO (Non-Governmental Organisation), an organisation which provides services or advocates for public policy (while not being directly affiliated with any government), are presenting an NGO persona.
While presenting as an NGO is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, NGO personas are commonly used by threat actors (such as intelligence services) as a front for their operational activity (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.207: NGO Persona). They are created to give legitimacy to the influence operation and potentially infiltrate grassroots movements
Legitimate NGOs could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.207: NGO Persona). For example, an NGO could take money for using their position to provide legitimacy to a false narrative, or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques:
T0097.103: Activist Persona: Institutions presenting as activist groups may also present activists working within the organisation.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
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],
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.207.md",
"external_id": "T0097.207"
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{
"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--422b6ba9-3ad0-4e6f-9f00-b044e5d657a1",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.392983Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.392983Z",
"name": "Social Cause Persona",
"description": "Online accounts which present themselves as focusing on a social cause are presenting the Social Cause Persona. Examples include accounts which post about current affairs, such as discrimination faced by minorities.
While presenting as an account invested in a social cause is not an indication of inauthentic behaviour, such personas have been used by threat actors to exploit peoples\u2019 legitimate emotional investment regarding social causes that matter to them (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.208: Social Cause Persona).
Legitimate accounts focused on a social cause could use their persona for malicious purposes, or be exploited by threat actors (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.208: Social Cause Persona). For example, the account holders could take money for using their position to provide legitimacy to a false narrative, or be tricked into doing so without their knowledge.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques:
T0097.103: Activist Persona: Analysts should use this sub-technique to catalogue cases where an individual is presenting themselves as an activist related to a social cause. Accounts with social cause personas do not present themselves as individuals, but may have activists controlling the accounts.",
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0097.208.md",
"external_id": "T0097.208"
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.3934Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.3934Z",
"name": "Establish Inauthentic News Sites",
"description": "Modern computational propaganda makes use of a cadre of imposter news sites spreading globally. These sites, sometimes motivated by concerns other than propaganda--for instance, click-based revenue--often have some superficial markers of authenticity, such as naming and site-design. But many can be quickly exposed with reference to their owenership, reporting history and adverstising details.",
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0098.md",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.393803Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.393803Z",
"name": "Create Inauthentic News Sites",
"description": "Create Inauthentic News Sites",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.394405Z",
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"name": "Leverage Existing Inauthentic News Sites",
"description": "Leverage Existing Inauthentic News Sites",
"kill_chain_phases": [
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0098.002.md",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.394819Z",
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"name": "Co-Opt Trusted Sources",
"description": "An influence operation may co-opt trusted sources by infiltrating or repurposing a source to reach a target audience through existing, previously reliable networks. Co-opted trusted sources may include: - National or local new outlets - Research or academic publications - Online blogs or websites",
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0100.md",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.395176Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.395176Z",
"name": "Co-Opt Trusted Individuals",
"description": "Co-Opt Trusted Individuals",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.395629Z",
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"name": "Co-Opt Grassroots Groups",
"description": "Co-Opt Grassroots Groups",
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Examples include Tinder, Bumble, Grindr, Facebook Dating, Tantan, Badoo, Plenty of Fish, hinge, LOVOO, OkCupid, happn, and Mamba.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.109: Romantic Suitor Persona: Analysts can use this sub-technique for tagging cases where an account presents itself as seeking a romantic or physical connection with another person.",
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"description": "Persecute, malign, or inflict pain upon a target. The objective of a campaign may be to cause fear or emotional distress in a target. In some cases, harm is instrumental to achieving a primary objective, as in coercion, repression, or intimidation. In other cases, harm may be inflicted for the satisfaction of the perpetrator, as in revenge or sadistic cruelty. ",
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"description": "Attempt to damage the target\u2019s personal reputation by impugning their character. This can range from subtle attempts to misrepresent or insinuate, to obvious attempts to denigrate or disparage, to blatant attempts to malign or vilify. Slander applies to oral expression. Libel applies to written or pictorial material. Defamation is often carried out by online trolls. The sole aim here is to cause harm to the target. If the threat actor uses defamation as a means of undermining the target, then choose sub-technique \u201cSmear\u201d of technique \u201cUndermine\u201d instead. ",
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"description": "Publish and/or propagate demeaning, derisive, or humiliating content targeting an individual or group of individuals with the intent to cause emotional, psychological, or physical distress. Hate speech can cause harm directly or incite others to harm the target. It often aims to stigmatise the target by singling out immutable characteristics such as colour, race, religion, national or ethnic origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, disease, or mental or physical disability. Thus, promoting hatred online may involve racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia, xenophobia, sexism, misogyny, homophobia, transphobia, ageism, ableism, or any combination thereof. Motivations for hate speech range from group preservation to ideological superiority to the unbridled infliction of suffering. ",
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"name": "Acquire Compromised Account",
"description": "Threat Actors can take over existing users\u2019 accounts to distribute campaign content.
The actor may maintain the asset\u2019s previous identity to capitalise on the perceived legitimacy its previous owner had cultivated.
The actor may completely rebrand the account to exploit its existing reach, or relying on the account\u2019s history to avoid more stringent automated content moderation rules applied to new accounts.
See also [Mitre ATT&CK\u2019s T1586 Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/) for more technical information on how threat actors may achieve this objective.
This Technique was previously called Compromise Legitimate Accounts, and used the ID T0011.",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.430799Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.430799Z",
"name": "Acquire Compromised Website",
"description": "Threat Actors may take over existing websites to publish or amplify inauthentic narratives. This includes the defacement of websites, and cases where websites\u2019 personas are maintained to add credence to threat actors\u2019 narratives.
See also [Mitre ATT&CK\u2019s T1584 Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/) for more technical information on how threat actors may achieve this objective.",
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"external_id": "T0141.002"
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.430948Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.430948Z",
"name": "Persona Legitimacy",
"description": "This Technique contains sub-techniques which analysts can use to assert whether an account is presenting an authentic, fabricated, or parody persona:
T0143.001: Authentic Persona
T0143.002: Fabricated Persona
T0143.003: Impersonated Persona
T0143.004: Parody Persona",
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"external_id": "T0143"
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"id": "attack-pattern--6ae4a4d2-4ac8-4764-ac9f-7261c5c882e0",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431094Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431094Z",
"name": "Authentic Persona",
"description": "An individual or institution presenting a persona that legitimately matches who or what they are is presenting an authentic persona.
For example, an account which presents as being managed by a member of a country\u2019s military, and is legitimately managed by that person, would be presenting an authentic persona (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.105: Military Personnel).
Sometimes people can authentically present themselves as who they are while still participating in malicious/inauthentic activity; a legitimate journalist (T0143.001: Authentic Persona, T0097.102: Journalist Persona) may accept bribes to promote products, or they could be tricked by threat actors into sharing an operation\u2019s narrative.",
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"external_id": "T0143.001"
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"id": "attack-pattern--f328541f-2537-4db7-8a05-1c76ed26d3eb",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431241Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431241Z",
"name": "Fabricated Persona",
"description": "An individual or institution pretending to have a persona without any legitimate claim to that persona is presenting a fabricated persona, such as a person who presents themselves as a member of a country\u2019s military without having worked in any capacity with the military (T0143.002: Fabricated Persona, T0097.105: Military Personnel).
Sometimes real people can present entirely fabricated personas; they can use real names and photos on social media while also pretending to have credentials or traits they don\u2019t have in real life.",
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
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"external_id": "T0143.002"
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"id": "attack-pattern--b2c62262-d3cc-49a9-830c-9d6f0bb95082",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431468Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431468Z",
"name": "Impersonated Persona",
"description": "Threat actors may impersonate existing individuals or institutions to conceal their network identity, add legitimacy to content, or harm the impersonated target\u2019s reputation. This Technique covers situations where an actor presents themselves as another existing individual or institution.
This Technique was previously called Prepare Assets Impersonating Legitimate Entities and used the ID T0099.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097: Presented Persona: Analysts can use the sub-techniques of T0097: Presented Persona to categorise the type of impersonation. For example, a document developed by a threat actor which falsely presented as a letter from a government department could be documented using T0085.004: Develop Document, T0143.003: Impersonated Persona, and T0097.206: Government Institution Persona.
T0145.001: Copy Account Imagery: Actors may take existing accounts\u2019 profile pictures as part of their impersonation efforts.",
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0143.003.md",
"external_id": "T0143.003"
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"id": "attack-pattern--d592cbac-8fcd-4569-8a7a-4e5c6a0b08e7",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431712Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431712Z",
"name": "Parody Persona",
"description": "Parody is a form of artistic expression that imitates the style or characteristics of a particular work, genre, or individual in a humorous or satirical way, often to comment on or critique the original work or subject matter. People may present as parodies to create humour or make a point by exaggerating or altering elements of the original, while still maintaining recognizable elements.
The use of parody is not an indication of inauthentic or malicious behaviour; parody allows people to present ideas or criticisms in a comedic or exaggerated manner, softening the impact of sensitive or contentious topics. Because parody is often protected as a form of free speech or artistic expression, it provides a legal and social framework for discussing controversial issues.
However, parody personas may be perceived as authentic personas, leading to people mistakenly believing that a parody account\u2019s statements represent the real opinions of a parodied target. Threat actors may also use the guise of parody to spread campaign content. Parody personas may disclaim that they are operating as a parody, however this is not always the case, and is not always given prominence.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques T0097: Presented Persona: Analysts can use the sub-techniques of T0097: Presented Persona to categorise the type of parody.\u00a0For example, an account presenting as a parody of a business could be documented using T0097.205: Business Persona and T0143.003: Parody Persona.
T0145.001: Copy Account Imagery: Actors may take existing accounts\u2019 profile pictures as part of their parody efforts.",
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0143.004.md",
"external_id": "T0143.004"
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431925Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.431925Z",
"name": "Persona Legitimacy Evidence",
"description": "This Technique contains behaviours which might indicate whether a persona is legitimate, a fabrication, or a parody.
For example, the same persona being consistently presented across platforms is consistent with how authentic users behave on social media. However, threat actors have also displayed this behaviour as a way to increase the perceived legitimacy of their fabricated personas (aka \u201cbackstopping\u201d).",
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"phase_name": "establish-legitimacy"
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"url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARMframeworks/blob/main/generated_pages/techniques/T0144.md",
"external_id": "T0144"
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"id": "attack-pattern--410e8ae7-e11d-44ff-8f10-3ec29798a9e0",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.432127Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.432127Z",
"name": "Present Persona across Platforms",
"description": "This sub-technique covers situations where analysts have identified the same persona being presented across multiple platforms.
Having multiple accounts presenting the same persona is not an indicator of inauthentic behaviour; many people create accounts and present as themselves on multiple platforms. However, threat actors are known to present the same persona across multiple platforms, benefiting from an increase in perceived legitimacy.",
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"external_id": "T0144.001"
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{
"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--3b7dd3e2-ff22-4b4b-813e-c31c2fb68029",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.43236Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.43236Z",
"name": "Persona Template",
"description": "Threat actors have been observed following a template when filling their accounts\u2019 online profiles. This may be done to enable account holders to quickly present themselves as a real person with a targeted persona.
For example, an actor may be instructed to create many fabricated local accounts for use in an operation using a template of \u201c[flag emojis], [location], [personal quote], [political party] supporter\u201d in their account\u2019s description.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0143.002: Fabricated Persona: The use of a templated account biography in a collection of accounts may be an indicator that the personas have been fabricated.",
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"external_id": "T0144.002"
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"id": "attack-pattern--8704cb89-afd5-4d49-b016-72b77023dab6",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.432566Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.432566Z",
"name": "Establish Account Imagery",
"description": "Introduce visual elements to an account where a platform allows this functionality (e.g. a profile picture, a cover photo, etc).\u00a0
Threat Actors who don\u2019t want to use pictures of themselves in their social media accounts may use alternate imagery to make their account appear more legitimate.",
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"external_id": "T0145"
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"id": "attack-pattern--c060ec87-d4d7-4de0-9f1d-9a9a42c05446",
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"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.432726Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.432726Z",
"name": "Copy Account Imagery",
"description": "Account imagery copied from an existing account.
Analysts may use reverse image search tools to try to identify previous uses of account imagery (e.g. a profile picture) by other accounts.
Threat Actors have been known to copy existing accounts\u2019 imagery to impersonate said accounts, or to provide imagery for unrelated accounts which aren\u2019t intended to impersonate the original assets\u2019 owner.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0143.003: Impersonated Persona: Actors may copy existing accounts\u2019 imagery in an attempt to impersonate them.
T0143.004: Parody Persona: Actors may copy existing accounts\u2019 imagery as part of a parody of that account.",
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"external_id": "T0145.001"
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"id": "attack-pattern--8314b253-72a3-46c0-8ee5-6fa02aa9a8fa",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.432872Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.432872Z",
"name": "AI-Generated Account Imagery",
"description": "AI Generated images used in account imagery.
An influence operation might flesh out its account by uploading account imagery (e.g. a profile picture), increasing its perceived legitimacy. By using an AI-generated picture for this purpose, they are able to present themselves as a real person without compromising their own identity, or risking detection by taking a real person\u2019s existing profile picture.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0086.002: Develop AI-Generated Images (Deepfakes): Analysts should use this sub-technique to document use of AI generated imagery used to support narratives.",
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"external_id": "T0145.002"
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{
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--5ba86be4-c8ba-458c-abea-2ad706d7ddd9",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.433022Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.433022Z",
"name": "Animal Account Imagery",
"description": "Animal used in account imagery.
An influence operation might flesh out its account by uploading a profile picture, increasing its perceived authenticity.
People sometimes legitimately use images of animals as their profile pictures (e.g. of their pets), and threat actors can mimic this behaviour to avoid the risk of detection associated with stealing or AI-generating profile pictures (see T0145.001: Copy Account Imagery and T0145.002: AI-Generated Account Imagery).
This Technique is often used by Coordinated Inauthentic Behaviour accounts (CIBs). A collection of accounts displaying the same behaviour using similar account imagery can indicate the presence of CIB.",
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"external_id": "T0145.003"
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{
"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--15cba133-fa27-4632-9996-22b74751749a",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.433235Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.433235Z",
"name": "Scenery Account Imagery",
"description": "Scenery or nature used in account imagery.
An influence operation might flesh out its account by uploading account imagery (e.g. a profile picture), increasing its perceived authenticity.
People sometimes legitimately use images of scenery as their profile picture, and threat actors can mimic this behaviour to avoid the risk of detection associated with stealing or AI-generating profile pictures (see T0145.001: Copy Account Imagery and T0145.002: AI-Generated Account Imagery).
This Technique is often used by Coordinated Inauthentic Behaviour accounts (CIBs). A collection of accounts displaying the same behaviour using similar account imagery can indicate the presence of CIB.",
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"external_id": "T0145.004"
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{
"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--df9f74e6-1a56-4515-910e-d58a386bbf1f",
"created_by_ref": "identity--f1a0f560-2d9e-4c5d-bf47-7e96e805de82",
"created": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.433467Z",
"modified": "2024-08-02T17:12:32.433467Z",
"name": "Illustrated Character Account Imagery",
"description": "A cartoon/illustrated/anime character used in account imagery.
An influence operation might flesh out its account by uploading account imagery (e.g. a profile picture), increasing its perceived authenticity.
People sometimes legitimately use images of illustrated characters as their profile picture, and threat actors can mimic this behaviour to avoid the risk of detection associated with stealing or AI-generating profile pictures (see T0145.001: Copy Account Imagery and T0145.002: AI-Generated Account Imagery).
This Technique is often used by Coordinated Inauthentic Behaviour accounts (CIBs). A collection of accounts displaying the same behaviour using similar account imagery can indicate the presence of CIB.",
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"description": "Attractive person used in account imagery.
An influence operation might flesh out its account by uploading account imagery (e.g. a profile picture), increasing its perceived authenticity.
Pictures of physically attractive people can benefit threat actors by increasing attention given to their posts.
People sometimes legitimately use images of attractive people as their profile picture, and threat actors can mimic this behaviour to avoid the risk of detection associated with stealing or AI-generating profile pictures (see T0145.001: Copy Account Imagery and T0145.002: AI-Generated Account Imagery).
This Technique is often used by Coordinated Inauthentic Behaviour accounts (CIBs). A collection of accounts displaying the same behaviour using similar account imagery can indicate the presence of CIB.
Associated Techniques and Sub-techniques
T0097.109: Romantic Suitor Persona: Accounts presenting as a romantic suitor may use an attractive person in their account imagery.
T0104.002: Dating App: Analysts can use this sub-technique for tagging cases where an account has been identified as using a dating platform.",
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Stock image websites produce photos of people in various situations. Threat Actors can purchase or appropriate these images for use in their account imagery, increasing perceived legitimacy while avoiding the risk of detection associated with stealing or AI-generating profile pictures (see T0145.001: Copy Account Imagery and T0145.002: AI-Generated Account Imagery).\u00a0
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