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            "name": "Plan Strategy",
            "description": "Define the desired end state, i.e. the set of required conditions that defines achievement of all objectives.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA01.md",
                    "external_id": "TA01"
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            "description": "Set clearly defined, measurable, and achievable objectives. Achieving objectives ties execution of tactical tasks to reaching the desired end state. There are four primary considerations: \n- Each desired effect should link directly to one or more objectives \n- The effect should be measurable \n- The objective statement should not specify the way and means of accomplishment \n- The effect should be distinguishable from the objective it supports as a condition for success, not as another objective or task.",
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                    "source_name": "DISARM",
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            "name": "Microtarget",
            "description": "Target very specific populations of people",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA05.md",
                    "external_id": "TA05"
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            "x_mitre_shortname": "microtarget"
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            "name": "Develop Content",
            "description": "Create or acquire text, images, and other content",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA06.md",
                    "external_id": "TA06"
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            "name": "Select Channels and Affordances",
            "description": "Selecting platforms and affordances assesses which online or offline platforms and their associated affordances maximize an influence operation\u2019s  ability to reach its target audience. To select the most appropriate platform(s), an operation may  assess the technological affordances including platform algorithms, terms of service, permitted content types, or other attributes that  determine platform usability and accessibility. Selecting platforms includes both choosing platforms on which the operation will publish its own  content and platforms on which the operation will attempt to restrict adversarial content.",
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                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA07.md",
                    "external_id": "TA07"
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            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.614068Z",
            "name": "Conduct Pump Priming",
            "description": "Release content on a targetted small scale, prior to general release, including releasing seed. Used for preparation before broader release, and as message honing. Used for preparation before broader release, and as message honing. ",
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                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA08.md",
                    "external_id": "TA08"
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            "x_mitre_shortname": "conduct-pump-priming"
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            "name": "Deliver Content",
            "description": "Release content to general public or larger population",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA09.md",
                    "external_id": "TA09"
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            "x_mitre_shortname": "deliver-content"
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            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.614995Z",
            "name": "Drive Offline Activity",
            "description": "Move incident/campaign from online to offline. Encouraging users to move from the platform on which they initially viewed operation content and engage in the physical information space or offline world. This may include operation-aligned rallies or protests, radio, newspaper, or billboards. An influence  operation may drive to physical forums to diversify its information channels and facilitate spaces where the target audience can engage with both operation content and like-minded individuals offline.  ",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA10.md",
                    "external_id": "TA10"
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.615328Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.615328Z",
            "name": "Persist in the Information Environment",
            "description": "Persist in the Information Space refers to taking measures that allow an operation to maintain its presence and avoid takedown by an external entity. Techniques in Persist in the Information Space help campaigns operate without detection and appear legitimate to the target audience and platform monitoring services. Influence operations on social media often persist online by varying the type of information  assets and platforms used throughout the campaign.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA11.md",
                    "external_id": "TA11"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_shortname": "persist-in-the-information-environment"
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.615643Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.615643Z",
            "name": "Assess Effectiveness",
            "description": "Assess effectiveness of action, for use in future plans ",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA12.md",
                    "external_id": "TA12"
                }
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            ],
            "x_mitre_shortname": "assess-effectiveness"
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.615954Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.615954Z",
            "name": "Target Audience Analysis",
            "description": "Identifying and analyzing the target audience examines target audience member locations,  political affiliations, financial situations, and other attributes that an influence operation may incorporate into its messaging strategy. During this tactic, influence operations may also identify  existing similarities and differences between target audience members to unite like groups and  divide opposing groups. Identifying and analyzing target audience members allows influence operations to tailor  operation strategy and content to their analysis. ",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA13.md",
                    "external_id": "TA13"
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            "x_mitre_shortname": "target-audience-analysis"
        },
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            "spec_version": "2.1",
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.616267Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.616267Z",
            "name": "Develop Narratives",
            "description": "The promotion of beneficial master narratives is perhaps the most effective method for achieving long-term strategic narrative dominance. From a \"\"whole of society\"\" perspective the promotion of the society's core master narratives should occupy a central strategic role. From a misinformation campaign / cognitive security perpectve the tactics around master narratives center more precisely on the day-to-day promotion and reinforcement of this messaging. In other words, beneficial, high-coverage master narratives are a central strategic goal and their promotion constitutes an ongoing tactical struggle carried out at a whole-of-society level. Tactically, their promotion covers a broad spectrum of activities both on- and offline.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA14.md",
                    "external_id": "TA14"
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.616572Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.616572Z",
            "name": "Establish Social Assets",
            "description": "Establishing information assets generates messaging tools, including social media accounts,  operation personnel, and organizations, including directly and indirectly managed assets. For assets under their direct control, the operation can add,  change, or remove these assets at will.  \nEstablishing information assets allows an influence operation to promote messaging directly to  the target audience without navigating through external entities. Many online influence operations create or compromise social media accounts as a primary vector of information  dissemination.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA15.md",
                    "external_id": "TA15"
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.616883Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.616883Z",
            "name": "Establish Legitimacy",
            "description": "Establish assets that create trust",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA16.md",
                    "external_id": "TA16"
                }
            ],
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.61719Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.61719Z",
            "name": "Maximize Exposure",
            "description": "Maximize exposure of the target audience to incident/campaign content via flooding, amplifying, and cross-posting.",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA17.md",
                    "external_id": "TA17"
                }
            ],
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            ],
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.61753Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.61753Z",
            "name": "Drive Online Harms",
            "description": "Actions taken by an influence operation to harm their opponents in online spaces through harassment, suppression, releasing private information, and controlling the information space through offensive cyberspace operations. ",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/tactics/TA18.md",
                    "external_id": "TA18"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_shortname": "drive-online-harms"
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.618229Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.618229Z",
            "name": "Facilitate State Propaganda",
            "description": "Organize citizens around pro-state messaging. Coordinate paid or volunteer groups to push state propaganda.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "plan-objectives"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/techniques/T0002.md",
                    "external_id": "T0002"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "Mac"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "spec_version": "2.1",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dee665e8-0d94-4244-b5c2-ac6fd6f29ed8",
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.618705Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.618705Z",
            "name": "Leverage Existing Narratives",
            "description": "Use or adapt existing narrative themes, where narratives are the baseline stories of a target audience. Narratives form the bedrock of our worldviews. New information is understood through a process firmly grounded in this bedrock. If new information is not consitent with the prevailing narratives of an audience, it will be ignored. Effective campaigns will frame their misinformation in the context of these narratives. Highly effective campaigns will make extensive use of audience-appropriate archetypes and meta-narratives throughout their content creation and amplifiction practices. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "develop-narratives"
                }
            ],
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/techniques/T0003.md",
                    "external_id": "T0003"
                }
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "Mac"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
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            "id": "attack-pattern--da1fb7bf-4207-4fe6-895c-c6b5967aac20",
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.61904Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.61904Z",
            "name": "Develop Competing Narratives",
            "description": "Advance competing narratives connected to same issue ie: on one hand deny incident while at same time expresses dismiss. Suppressing or discouraging narratives already spreading requires an alternative. The most simple set of narrative techniques in response would be the construction and promotion of contradictory alternatives centered on denial, deflection, dismissal, counter-charges, excessive standards of proof, bias in prohibition or enforcement, and so on. These competing narratives allow loyalists cover, but are less compelling to opponents and fence-sitters than campaigns built around existing narratives or highly explanatory master narratives. Competing narratives, as such, are especially useful in the \"firehose of misinformation\" approach.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "develop-narratives"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/techniques/T0004.md",
                    "external_id": "T0004"
                }
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "Mac"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "created": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.619366Z",
            "modified": "2022-07-02T19:59:12.619366Z",
            "name": "Create Inauthentic Social Media Pages and Groups",
            "description": "Create key social engineering assets needed to amplify content, manipulate algorithms, fool public and/or specific incident/campaign targets. Computational propaganda depends substantially on false perceptions of credibility and acceptance. By creating fake users and groups with a variety of interests and commitments, attackers can ensure that their messages both come from trusted sources and appear more widely adopted than they actually are.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "establish-social-assets"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "source_name": "DISARM",
                    "url": "https://github.com/DISARMFoundation/DISARM_framework/blob/master/techniques/T0007.md",
                    "external_id": "T0007"
                }
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            "description": "Spamoflauge refers to the practice of disguising spam messages as legitimate. Spam refers to  the use of electronic messaging systems to send out unrequested or unwanted messages in bulk.  Simple methods of spamoflauge include replacing letters with numbers to fool keyword-based  email spam filters, for example, \"you've w0n our jackp0t!\". Spamoflauge may extend to more complex techniques such as modifying the grammar or word choice of the language, casting  messages as images which spam detectors cannot automatically read, or encapsulating messages  in password protected attachments, such as .pdf or .zip files. Influence operations may use spamoflauge to avoid spam filtering systems and increase the likelihood of the target audience  receiving operation messaging. ",
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            "description": "Reporting opposing content refers to notifying and providing an instance of a violation of a  platform\u2019s guidelines and policies for conduct on the platform. In addition to simply reporting  the content, an operation may leverage copyright regulations to trick social media and web  platforms into removing opposing content by manipulating the content to appear in violation of  copyright laws. Reporting opposing content facilitates the suppression of contradictory  information and allows operation narratives to take priority in the information space. ",
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            "description": "An operation may use pseudonyms, or fake names, to mask the identity of operation accounts,  publish anonymous content, or otherwise use falsified personas to conceal identity of the  operation. An operation may coordinate pseudonyms across multiple platforms, for example, by  writing an article under a pseudonym and then posting a link to the article on social media on an  account with the same falsified name.  ",
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            "description": "Concealing network identity aims to hide the existence an influence operation\u2019s network  completely. Unlike concealing sponsorship, concealing network identity denies the existence of  any sort of organization. ",
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            "name": "Distance Reputable Individuals from Operation",
            "description": "Distancing reputable individuals from the operation occurs when enlisted individuals, such as  celebrities or subject matter experts, actively disengage themselves from operation activities and  messaging. Individuals may distance themselves from the operation by deleting old posts or  statements, unfollowing operation information assets, or otherwise detaching themselves from  the operation\u2019s timeline. An influence operation may want reputable individuals to distance  themselves from the operation to reduce operation exposure, particularly if the operation aims to remove all evidence.",
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            "description": "An influence operation may redirect its falsified or typosquatted URLs to legitimate websites to  increase the operation's appearance of legitimacy, complicate attribution, and avoid detection.  ",
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}
