# Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License ("CC BY 4.0")

> © [Alicia Sykes](http://aliciasykes.com/legal) 2020, Licensed under [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons
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Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material
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Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the
fullest extent possible.

## USING CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSES

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions
that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of
authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights
specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for
informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our
licenses.

### Considerations for licensors:

Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public
permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain
other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand
the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it.
Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses
so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly
mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC-licensed
material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright.

### Considerations for the public:

By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to
use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the
licensor’s permission is not necessary for any reason–for example, because of
any applicable exception or limitation to copyright–then that use is not
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---

## Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be
bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public
License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in
consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor
grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from
making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

### Section 1 – Definitions.

   a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights
      that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the
      Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or
      otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright
      and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public
      License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or
      sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed
      Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

   b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and
      Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance
      with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

   c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely
      related to copyright including, without limitation, performance,
      broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without
      regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this
      Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not
      Copyright and Similar Rights.

   d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence
      of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling
      obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on
      December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

   e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other
      exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to
      Your use of the Licensed Material.

   f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other
   material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

   g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and
      conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and
      Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that
      the Licensor has authority to license.

   h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this
      Public License.

   i. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that
      requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction,
      public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination,
      communication, or importation, and to make material available to the
      public including in ways that members of the public may access the
      material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

   j. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting
      from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11
      March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or
      succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the
      world.

   k. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under
      this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

### Section 2 – Scope.

a. License grant

  1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the
     Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free,
     non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the
     Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

     A. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part; and

     B. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.

  2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where
     Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does
     not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

  3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

  4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor
     authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats
     whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical
     modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not
     to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical
     modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including
     technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological
     Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making
     modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted
     Material.

  5. Downstream recipients.

     A. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the
        Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor
        to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of
        this Public License.

     B. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any
        additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any
        Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing
        so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the
        Licensed Material.

  6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be
     construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your
     use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored,
     endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others
     designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights

  1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under
     this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar
     personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor
     waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor
     to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed
     Rights, but not otherwise.

  2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

  3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect
     royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether
     directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or
     waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases
     the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties.

### Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution

  1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You
     must:

     A. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the
        Licensed Material:

        i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any
           others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable
           manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if
           designated);

        ii. a copyright notice;

        iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

        iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

        v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent
           reasonably practicable;

     B. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an
        indication of any previous modifications; and

     C. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public
        License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this
        Public License.

  2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable
     manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the
     Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the
     conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes
     the required information.

  3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information
     required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

  4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You
     apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from
     complying with this Public License.
      
### Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your
use of the Licensed Material:

   a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to
      extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the
      contents of the database;

   b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a
      database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database
      in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual
      contents) is Adapted Material; and
   
   c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a
      substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your
obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other
Copyright and Similar Rights.

### Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

   a. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent
      possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and
      as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind
      concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or
      other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title,
      merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement,
      absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence
      of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of
      warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not
      apply to You.

   b. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on
      any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise
      for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive,
      exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of
      this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor
      has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or
      damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in
      part, this limitation may not apply to You.

   c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above
      shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most
      closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

### Section 6 – Term and Termination.

 a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar
    Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public
    License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate
    automatically.

 b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under
    Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is
       cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right
    the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public
    License.

 c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed
    Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the
    Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this
    Public License.

 d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

### Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

   a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or
      conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

   b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed
      Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms
      and conditions of this Public License.

### Section 8 – Interpretation.

   a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be
      interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use
      of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission
      under this Public License.

   b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed
      unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent
      necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it
      shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the
      enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

   c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure
      to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

   d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a
      limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to
      the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any
      jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding,
Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it
publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of
the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the
CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that
material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise
permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at
creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the
trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons
without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection
with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other
arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material.
For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public
licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.
