- [FACT - The Firmware Analysis and Comparison Tool](https://fkie-cad.github.io/FACT_core/) - Full-featured static analysis framework including extraction of firmware, analysis utilizing different plug-ins and comparison of different firmware versions.
- [Ghidra](https://ghidra-sre.org/) - Software Reverse Engineering suite; handles arbitrary binaries, if you provide CPU architecture and endianness of the binary.
- [Trommel](https://github.com/CERTCC/trommel) - Searches extracted firmware images for interesting files and information.
### Extraction Tools
- [Binwalk](https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk) - Extracts arbitrary files utilizing a carving approach.
- [FACT Extractor](https://github.com/fkie-cad/fact_extractor) - Detects container format automatically and executes the corresponding extraction tool.
- [Firmware Mod Kit](https://github.com/rampageX/firmware-mod-kit/wiki) - Extraction tools for several container formats.
- [Bus Blaster](http://dangerousprototypes.com/docs/Bus_Blaster) - Detects and interacts with hardware debug ports like [UART](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter) and [JTAG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG).
- [J-Link](https://www.segger.com/products/debug-probes/j-link/models/model-overview/) - J-Link offers USB powered JTAG debug probes for multiple different CPU cores. :euro:
- 2019, Yago Hansen: [The Hacker's Hardware Toolkit: The best collection of hardware gadgets for Red Team hackers, Pentesters and security researchers](https://www.amazon.com/Hackers-Hardware-Toolkit-collection-researchers/dp/1099209463)
- 2018, Muench et al: [What You Corrupt Is Not What You Crash: Challenges in Fuzzing Embedded Devices](http://www.eurecom.fr/en/publication/5417/download/sec-publi-5417.pdf)
- 2017, Costin et al: [Towards Automated Classification of Firmware Images and Identification of Embedded Devices](http://s3.eurecom.fr/docs/ifip17_costin.pdf)
- 2016, Kammerstetter et al: [Embedded Security Testing with Peripheral Device Caching and Runtime Program State Approximation](http://www.seclab.tuwien.ac.at/papers/kammerstetter_secuware2016_peripheralCache.pdf)
- 2016, Chen et al: [Towards Automated Dynamic Analysis for Linux-based Embedded Firmware](https://www.dcddcc.com/docs/2016_paper_firmadyne.pdf)
- 2016, Costin et al: [Automated Dynamic Firmware Analysis at Scale: A Case Study on Embedded Web Interfaces](http://s3.eurecom.fr/docs/asiaccs16_costin.pdf)
- 2015, Shoshitaishvili et al:[Firmalice - Automatic Detection of Authentication Bypass Vulnerabilities in Binary Firmware](https://seclab.cs.ucsb.edu/media/uploads/papers/firmalice.pdf)
- 2015, Papp et al: [Embedded Systems Security: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Attack Taxonomy](http://www.cse.psu.edu/~pdm12/cse597g-f15/readings/cse597g-embedded_systems.pdf)
- 2014, Zaddach et al: [Avatar: A Framework to Support Dynamic Security Analysis of Embedded Systems’ Firmwares](http://www.eurecom.fr/en/publication/4158/download/rs-publi-4158.pdf)
- 2014, Alimi et al: [Analysis of embedded applications by evolutionary fuzzing](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6903734/)
- 2014, Costin et al: [A Large-Scale Analysis of the Security of Embedded Firmware
- 2013, Davidson et al: [FIE on Firmware: Finding Vulnerabilities in Embedded Systems using Symbolic Execution](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity13/sec13-paper_davidson.pdf)
### Case Studies
- [Hacking the DSP-W215, Again](http://www.devttys0.com/2014/05/hacking-the-dspw215-again/)
- [Pwning the Dlink 850L routers and abusing the MyDlink Cloud protocol](https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2017-09-08-dlink-850l-mydlink-cloud-0days-vulnerabilities.html)
