update

Basic/crypto.md

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 
 公开密钥算法总是要基于一个数学上的难题。比如RSA 依据的是：给定两个素数p、q 很容易相乘得到n，而对n进行因式分解却相对困难。那椭圆曲线上有什么难题呢？
 
+![Trapdoor function](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Trapdoor_permutation.svg/300px-Trapdoor_permutation.svg.png)
+
 考虑如下等式：  
 
     K=kG  [其中 K,G为Ep(a,b)上的点，k为小于n（n是点G的阶）的整数]  
@@ -99,3 +101,5 @@ B可以每次都到CA的网站上（或者什么别的官方途径）获得CA的
 1. [数字签名是什么？](http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2011/08/what_is_a_digital_signature.html)
 2. [比特币背后的密码学原理](https://www.jianshu.com/p/225ff9439132)
 3. [《区块链原理设计与应用》第5章：密码学与安全技术](https://github.com/yjjnls/books/blob/master/block%20chain/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%8E%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8.pdf)
+4. [Secure Hash Algorithms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Hash_Algorithms)
+5. [Digital Signature Algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm)

README.md

@@ -5,12 +5,107 @@ The blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions that
 
 <font color=#0099ff size=3>**This is not a simple collection of Internet resources, but verified and organized data ensuring it's really suitable for your learning process and uesful for your development and application.**</font> 
 
-Majority of the contents will be written in Chinese, English will also be included.   
-The repository will be continually updated.
-
 
 ## Contents
+- [Awesome Blockchain](#awesome-blockchain-awesomehttpsgithubcomyjjnlsawesome-blockchain)
+    - [Contents](#contents)
+    - [Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.s) & Answers](#frequently-asked-questions-faqs--answers)
+    - [Basic Introduction](#basic-introduction)
+    - [Further Extesnsion](#further-extesnsion)
+        - [Books](#books)
+        - [Talk Notes](#talk-notes)
+    - [Development Tutorial](#development-tutorial)
+        - [BitCoin](#bitcoin)
+        - [Ethereum](#ethereum)
+        - [Fabric](#fabric)
+    - [Releated Tools](#releated-tools)
+        - [Solidity](#solidity)
+        - [truffle](#truffle)
+        - [web3.js](#web3js)
+    - [Projects and Applications](#projects-and-applications)
+        - [Monero](#monero)
+        - [IOTA](#iota)
+        - [EOS](#eos)
+        - [IFPS](#ifps)
+    - [Contribute](#contribute)
 
+## Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.s) & Answers
+
+
+**Q: What's a Blockchain?**
+
+A: A blockchain is a distributed database with a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks) linked and secured by
+digital fingerprints (that is, cryptho hashes).
+Example from [`blockchain.rb`](https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains/blob/master/blockchain.rb/blockchain.rb):
+
+```
+[#<Block:0x1eed2a0
+  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 20:52:38,
+  @data          = "Genesis",
+  @previous_hash = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+  @hash          = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
+ #<Block:0x1eec9a0
+  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 21:02:38,
+  @data          = "Transaction Data...",
+  @previous_hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b",
+  @hash          = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">,
+ #<Block:0x1eec838
+  @timestamp     = 1637-09-15 21:12:38,
+  @data          = "Transaction Data......",
+  @previous_hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
+  @hash          = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">,
+  ...
+```
+
+![](Basic/img/blockchain-jesus.png)
+
+
+**Q: What's a Hash? What's a (One-Way) Crypto(graphic) Hash Digest Checksum**?
+
+A: A hash e.g. `eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743`
+is a small digest checksum calculated
+with a one-way crypto(graphic) hash digest checksum function
+e.g. SHA256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256 Bits)
+from the data. Example from [`blockchain.rb`](blockchain.rb/blockchain.rb):
+
+```ruby
+def calc_hash
+  sha = Digest::SHA256.new
+  sha.update( @timestamp.to_s + @previous_hash + @data )
+  sha.hexdigest   ## returns "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743"
+end
+```
+
+A blockchain uses
+
+- the block timestamp (e.g. `1637-09-15 20:52:38`) and
+- the hash from the previous block (e.g. `edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b`) and finally
+- the block data (e.g. `Transaction Data...`)
+
+to calculate the new hash digest checksum, that is, the hash
+e.g. `be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4`.
+
+
+**Q: What's a Merkle Tree?**
+
+A: A Merkle tree is a hash tree named after Ralph Merkle who patented the concept in 1979
+(the patent expired in 2002). A hash tree is a generalization of hash lists or hash chains where every leaf node (in the tree) is labelled with a data block and every non-leaf node (in the tree)
+is labelled with the crypto(graphic) hash of the labels of its child nodes. For more see the [Merkle tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree) Wikipedia Article.
+
+Note: By adding crypto(graphic) hash functions you can "merkelize" any data structure.
+
+
+**Q: What's a Merkelized DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph)?**
+
+A: It's a blockchain secured by crypto(graphic) hashes that uses a directed acyclic graph data structure (instead of linear "classic" linked list).
+
+Note: Git uses merkelized dag (directed acyclic graph)s for its blockchains.
+
+
+**Q: Is the Git Repo a Blockchain?**
+
+A: Yes, every branch in the git repo is a blockchain.
+The "classic" Satoshi-blockchain is like a git repo with a single master branch (only).
 
 ## Basic Introduction
 基础概念和原理介绍
@@ -19,6 +114,7 @@ The repository will be continually updated.
 *  [账户与交易模型](./Basic/account.md)
 - [ ] 比特币基础知识
 - [ ] 以太坊基础知识
+- [ ] 链上治理
 - [ ] 数字交易所基础知识
 - [ ] 应用与思考
 * [数字货币排行](https://coinmarketcap.com/)
@@ -28,6 +124,145 @@ The repository will be continually updated.
 *  [区块链技术指南](https://yeasy.gitbooks.io/blockchain_guide/content/)
 *  [区块链原理、设计与应用](https://github.com/yjjnls/books/blob/master/block%20chain/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%8E%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8.pdf)
 *  [区块链 从数字货币到信用社会](https://github.com/yjjnls/books/blob/master/block%20chain/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%20%E4%BB%8E%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%88%B0%E4%BF%A1%E7%94%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A.pdf)
+*   [**Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts**](https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/table-of-contents/) by David Gerard, London, 2017 --
+_What is a bitcoin? ++
+The Bitcoin ideology ++
+The incredible promises of Bitcoin! ++
+Early Bitcoin: the rise to the first bubble ++
+How Bitcoin mining centralised ++
+Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? ++
+Spending bitcoins in 2017 ++
+Trading bitcoins in 2017: the second crypto bubble ++
+Altcoins ++
+Smart contracts, stupid humans ++
+Business bafflegab, but on the Blockchain ++
+Case study: Why you can’t put the music industry on a blockchain_
+
+*   [**Mastering Bitcoin - Programming the Open Blockchain**](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/second_edition/ch09.asciidoc) 2nd Edition,
+by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, 2017 - FREE (Online Source Version) --
+_What Is Bitcoin? ++
+How Bitcoin Works ++
+Bitcoin Core: The Reference Implementation ++
+Keys, Addresses ++
+Wallets ++
+Transactions ++
+Advanced Transactions and Scripting ++
+The Bitcoin Network ++
+The Blockchain ++
+Mining and Consensus ++
+Bitcoin Security ++
+Blockchain Applications_
+
+*   [**Programming Blockchains in Ruby from Scratch Step-by-Step Starting w/ Crypto Hashes... ( Beta / Rough Draft )**](https://github.com/yukimotopress/programming-blockchains-step-by-step)
+by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) --
+_(Crypto) Hash ++
+(Crypto) Block ++
+(Crypto) Block with Proof-of-Work ++
+Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! ++
+Blockchain Broken? ++
+Timestamping ++
+Mining, Mining, Mining - What's Your Hash Rate? ++
+Bitcoin, Bitcoin, Bitcoin ++
+(Crypto) Block with Transactions (Tx)_
+
+
+*   [**Programming Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains in Ruby ( Beta / Rough Draft )**](http://yukimotopress.github.io/blockchains)
+by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) @ Yuki & Moto Press Bookshelf --
+_Digital $$$ Alchemy - What's a Blockchain? -
+How-To Turn Digital Bits Into $$$ or €€€? •
+Decentralize Payments. Decentralize Transactions. Decentralize Blockchains. •
+The Proof of the Pudding is ... The Bitcoin (BTC) Blockchain(s)
+++
+Building Blockchains from Scratch -
+A Blockchain in Ruby in 20 Lines! A Blockchain is a Data Structure  •
+What about Proof-of-Work? What about Consensus?   •
+Find the Lucky Number - Nonce == Number Used Once
+++
+Adding Transactions -
+The World's Worst Database - Bitcoin Blockchain Mining  •
+Tulips on the Blockchain! Adding Transactions
+++
+Blockchain Lite -
+Basic Blocks  •
+Proof-of-Work Blocks  •
+Transactions
+++
+Merkle Tree -
+Build Your Own Crypto Hash Trees; Grow Your Own Money on Trees  •
+What's a Merkle Tree?   •
+Transactions
+++
+Central Bank -
+Run Your Own Federated Central Bank Nodes on the Blockchain Peer-to-Peer over HTTP  •
+Inside Mining - Printing Cryptos, Cryptos, Cryptos on the Blockchain
+++
+Awesome Crypto
+++
+Case Studies - Dutch Gulden  • Shilling  • CryptoKitties (and CryptoCopycats)_
+
+*   [**Blockchain for Dummies, IBM Limited Edition**](https://www.ibm.com/blockchain/what-is-blockchain.html) by Manav Gupta, 2017 - FREE (Digital Download w/ Email) --
+_Grasping Blockchain Fundamentals ++
+Taking a Look at How Blockchain Works ++
+Propelling Business with Blockchains ++
+Blockchain in Action: Use Cases ++
+Hyperledger, a Linux Foundation Project ++
+Ten Steps to Your First Blockchain application_
+
+*   [**Get Rich Quick "Business Blockchain" Bible - The Secrets of Free Easy Money**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/get-rich-quick-bible), 2018 - FREE --
+_Step 1: Sell hot air. How? ++
+Step 2: Pump up your tokens. How? ++
+Step 3: Revolutionize the World. How?_
+
+*   [**Mastering Ethereum - Building Contract Services and Decentralized Apps on the Blockchain**](https://github.com/ethereumbook/ethereumbook) -
+by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, 2018 - FREE (Online Source Version)
+_What is Ethereum ++
+Introduction ++
+Ethereum Clients ++
+Ethereum Testnets ++
+Keys and Addresses ++
+Wallets	++
+Transactions ++
+Contract Services ++
+Tokens ++
+Oracles ++
+Accounting & Gas ++
+EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) ++ 	
+Consensus ++		
+DevP2P (Peer-To-Peer) Protocol ++
+Dev Tools and Frameworks ++
+Decentralized Apps ++
+Ethereum Standards (EIPs/ERCs)_
+
+*   [**Building Decentralized Apps on the Ethereum Blockchain**](https://www.manning.com/books/building-ethereum-dapps) by Roberto Infante, 2018 - FREE chapter 1 --
+_Understanding decentralized applications ++
+The Ethereum blockchain ++
+Building contract services in (JavaScript-like) Solidity ++
+Running contract services on the Ethereum blockchain ++
+Developing Ethereum Decentralized apps with Truffle ++
+Best design and security practice_
+
+
+
+*   [**Best of Bitcoin Maximalist - Scammers, Morons, Clowns, Shills & BagHODLers - Inside The New New Crypto Ponzi Economics**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/bitcoin-maximalist), 2018 - FREE 
+
+*   [**Crypto Facts - Decentralize Payments - Efficient, Low Cost, Fair, Clean - True or False?**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/crypto-facts), 2018 - FREE 
+
+*   [**IslandCoin White Paper - A Pen and Paper Cash System - How to Run a Blockchain on a Deserted Island**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/islandcoin-whitepaper)
+by Tal Kol -- 
+_Motivation ++
+Consensus ++
+Transaction and Block Specification -
+Transaction format •
+Block format •
+Genesis block ++
+References_
+
+### Talk Notes
+
+- [**Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! - Build Your Own Blockchains in JavaScript from Zero (Scratch)**](https://github.com/geraldb/talks/blob/master/blockchain.md) by Gerald Bauer, Vienna.js, September 2017
+- [**Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! - Build Your Own Blockchains in Ruby from Zero (Scratch)**](https://github.com/geraldb/talks/blob/master/blockchain_ruby.md) by Gerald Bauer, Vienna.rb, Dezember 2017
+- [**Blockchain vs (Hyper) Ledger -- Inside (Hyper) Ledger Lite - Add Transactions One Block at a Time and Balance the Accounts (Books)**](https://github.com/geraldb/talks/blob/master/hyperledger.md) by Gerald Bauer, Hyperledger Vienna, March 2018
+- [**Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! - Build Your Own Blockchains in Go from Zero (Scratch)**](https://github.com/geraldb/talks/blob/master/blockchain_go.md) by Gerald Bauer, Vienna.go, April 2018
 
 ## Development Tutorial
 ### [BitCoin](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin)