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@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
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公开密钥算法总是要基于一个数学上的难题。比如RSA 依据的是：给定两个素数p、q 很容易相乘得到n，而对n进行因式分解却相对困难。那椭圆曲线上有什么难题呢？
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考虑如下等式：
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K=kG [其中 K,G为Ep(a,b)上的点，k为小于n（n是点G的阶）的整数]
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@ -99,3 +101,5 @@ B可以每次都到CA的网站上（或者什么别的官方途径）获得CA的
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1. [数字签名是什么？](http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2011/08/what_is_a_digital_signature.html)
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2. [比特币背后的密码学原理](https://www.jianshu.com/p/225ff9439132)
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3. [《区块链原理设计与应用》第5章：密码学与安全技术](https://github.com/yjjnls/books/blob/master/block%20chain/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%8E%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8.pdf)
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4. [Secure Hash Algorithms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Hash_Algorithms)
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5. [Digital Signature Algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm)
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BIN
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README.md
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README.md
@ -5,12 +5,107 @@ The blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions that
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<font color=#0099ff size=3>**This is not a simple collection of Internet resources, but verified and organized data ensuring it's really suitable for your learning process and uesful for your development and application.**</font>
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Majority of the contents will be written in Chinese, English will also be included.
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The repository will be continually updated.
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## Contents
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- [Awesome Blockchain](#awesome-blockchain-awesomehttpsgithubcomyjjnlsawesome-blockchain)
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- [Contents](#contents)
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- [Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.s) & Answers](#frequently-asked-questions-faqs--answers)
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- [Basic Introduction](#basic-introduction)
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- [Further Extesnsion](#further-extesnsion)
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- [Books](#books)
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- [Talk Notes](#talk-notes)
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- [Development Tutorial](#development-tutorial)
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- [BitCoin](#bitcoin)
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- [Ethereum](#ethereum)
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- [Fabric](#fabric)
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- [Releated Tools](#releated-tools)
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- [Solidity](#solidity)
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- [truffle](#truffle)
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- [web3.js](#web3js)
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- [Projects and Applications](#projects-and-applications)
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- [Monero](#monero)
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- [IOTA](#iota)
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- [EOS](#eos)
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- [IFPS](#ifps)
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- [Contribute](#contribute)
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## Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.s) & Answers
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**Q: What's a Blockchain?**
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A: A blockchain is a distributed database with a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks) linked and secured by
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digital fingerprints (that is, cryptho hashes).
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Example from [`blockchain.rb`](https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains/blob/master/blockchain.rb/blockchain.rb):
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```
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[#<Block:0x1eed2a0
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@timestamp = 1637-09-15 20:52:38,
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@data = "Genesis",
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@previous_hash = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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@hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
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#<Block:0x1eec9a0
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@timestamp = 1637-09-15 21:02:38,
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@data = "Transaction Data...",
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@previous_hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b",
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@hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">,
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#<Block:0x1eec838
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@timestamp = 1637-09-15 21:12:38,
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@data = "Transaction Data......",
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@previous_hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
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@hash = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">,
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...
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```
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**Q: What's a Hash? What's a (One-Way) Crypto(graphic) Hash Digest Checksum**?
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A: A hash e.g. `eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743`
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is a small digest checksum calculated
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with a one-way crypto(graphic) hash digest checksum function
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e.g. SHA256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256 Bits)
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from the data. Example from [`blockchain.rb`](blockchain.rb/blockchain.rb):
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```ruby
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def calc_hash
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sha = Digest::SHA256.new
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sha.update( @timestamp.to_s + @previous_hash + @data )
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sha.hexdigest ## returns "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743"
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end
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```
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A blockchain uses
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- the block timestamp (e.g. `1637-09-15 20:52:38`) and
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- the hash from the previous block (e.g. `edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b`) and finally
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- the block data (e.g. `Transaction Data...`)
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to calculate the new hash digest checksum, that is, the hash
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e.g. `be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4`.
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**Q: What's a Merkle Tree?**
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A: A Merkle tree is a hash tree named after Ralph Merkle who patented the concept in 1979
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(the patent expired in 2002). A hash tree is a generalization of hash lists or hash chains where every leaf node (in the tree) is labelled with a data block and every non-leaf node (in the tree)
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is labelled with the crypto(graphic) hash of the labels of its child nodes. For more see the [Merkle tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree) Wikipedia Article.
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Note: By adding crypto(graphic) hash functions you can "merkelize" any data structure.
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**Q: What's a Merkelized DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph)?**
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A: It's a blockchain secured by crypto(graphic) hashes that uses a directed acyclic graph data structure (instead of linear "classic" linked list).
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Note: Git uses merkelized dag (directed acyclic graph)s for its blockchains.
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**Q: Is the Git Repo a Blockchain?**
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A: Yes, every branch in the git repo is a blockchain.
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The "classic" Satoshi-blockchain is like a git repo with a single master branch (only).
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## Basic Introduction
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基础概念和原理介绍
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@ -19,6 +114,7 @@ The repository will be continually updated.
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* [账户与交易模型](./Basic/account.md)
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- [ ] 比特币基础知识
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- [ ] 以太坊基础知识
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- [ ] 链上治理
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- [ ] 数字交易所基础知识
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- [ ] 应用与思考
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* [数字货币排行](https://coinmarketcap.com/)
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@ -28,6 +124,145 @@ The repository will be continually updated.
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* [区块链技术指南](https://yeasy.gitbooks.io/blockchain_guide/content/)
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* [区块链原理、设计与应用](https://github.com/yjjnls/books/blob/master/block%20chain/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%8E%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8.pdf)
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* [区块链 从数字货币到信用社会](https://github.com/yjjnls/books/blob/master/block%20chain/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%20%E4%BB%8E%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%88%B0%E4%BF%A1%E7%94%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A.pdf)
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* [**Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts**](https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/table-of-contents/) by David Gerard, London, 2017 --
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_What is a bitcoin? ++
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The Bitcoin ideology ++
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The incredible promises of Bitcoin! ++
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Early Bitcoin: the rise to the first bubble ++
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How Bitcoin mining centralised ++
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Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? ++
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Spending bitcoins in 2017 ++
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Trading bitcoins in 2017: the second crypto bubble ++
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Altcoins ++
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Smart contracts, stupid humans ++
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Business bafflegab, but on the Blockchain ++
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Case study: Why you can’t put the music industry on a blockchain_
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* [**Mastering Bitcoin - Programming the Open Blockchain**](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/second_edition/ch09.asciidoc) 2nd Edition,
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by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, 2017 - FREE (Online Source Version) --
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_What Is Bitcoin? ++
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How Bitcoin Works ++
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Bitcoin Core: The Reference Implementation ++
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Keys, Addresses ++
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Wallets ++
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Transactions ++
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Advanced Transactions and Scripting ++
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The Bitcoin Network ++
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The Blockchain ++
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Mining and Consensus ++
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Bitcoin Security ++
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Blockchain Applications_
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* [**Programming Blockchains in Ruby from Scratch Step-by-Step Starting w/ Crypto Hashes... ( Beta / Rough Draft )**](https://github.com/yukimotopress/programming-blockchains-step-by-step)
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by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) --
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_(Crypto) Hash ++
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(Crypto) Block ++
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(Crypto) Block with Proof-of-Work ++
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Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! ++
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Blockchain Broken? ++
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Timestamping ++
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Mining, Mining, Mining - What's Your Hash Rate? ++
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Bitcoin, Bitcoin, Bitcoin ++
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(Crypto) Block with Transactions (Tx)_
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* [**Programming Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains in Ruby ( Beta / Rough Draft )**](http://yukimotopress.github.io/blockchains)
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by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) @ Yuki & Moto Press Bookshelf --
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_Digital $$$ Alchemy - What's a Blockchain? -
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How-To Turn Digital Bits Into $$$ or €€€? •
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Decentralize Payments. Decentralize Transactions. Decentralize Blockchains. •
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The Proof of the Pudding is ... The Bitcoin (BTC) Blockchain(s)
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++
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Building Blockchains from Scratch -
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A Blockchain in Ruby in 20 Lines! A Blockchain is a Data Structure •
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What about Proof-of-Work? What about Consensus? •
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Find the Lucky Number - Nonce == Number Used Once
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++
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Adding Transactions -
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The World's Worst Database - Bitcoin Blockchain Mining •
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Tulips on the Blockchain! Adding Transactions
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++
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Blockchain Lite -
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Basic Blocks •
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Proof-of-Work Blocks •
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Transactions
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++
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Merkle Tree -
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Build Your Own Crypto Hash Trees; Grow Your Own Money on Trees •
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What's a Merkle Tree? •
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Transactions
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++
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Central Bank -
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Run Your Own Federated Central Bank Nodes on the Blockchain Peer-to-Peer over HTTP •
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Inside Mining - Printing Cryptos, Cryptos, Cryptos on the Blockchain
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++
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Awesome Crypto
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++
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Case Studies - Dutch Gulden • Shilling • CryptoKitties (and CryptoCopycats)_
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* [**Blockchain for Dummies, IBM Limited Edition**](https://www.ibm.com/blockchain/what-is-blockchain.html) by Manav Gupta, 2017 - FREE (Digital Download w/ Email) --
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_Grasping Blockchain Fundamentals ++
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Taking a Look at How Blockchain Works ++
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Propelling Business with Blockchains ++
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Blockchain in Action: Use Cases ++
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Hyperledger, a Linux Foundation Project ++
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Ten Steps to Your First Blockchain application_
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* [**Get Rich Quick "Business Blockchain" Bible - The Secrets of Free Easy Money**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/get-rich-quick-bible), 2018 - FREE --
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_Step 1: Sell hot air. How? ++
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Step 2: Pump up your tokens. How? ++
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Step 3: Revolutionize the World. How?_
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* [**Mastering Ethereum - Building Contract Services and Decentralized Apps on the Blockchain**](https://github.com/ethereumbook/ethereumbook) -
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by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, 2018 - FREE (Online Source Version)
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_What is Ethereum ++
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Introduction ++
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Ethereum Clients ++
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Ethereum Testnets ++
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Keys and Addresses ++
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Wallets ++
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Transactions ++
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Contract Services ++
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Tokens ++
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Oracles ++
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Accounting & Gas ++
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EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) ++
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Consensus ++
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DevP2P (Peer-To-Peer) Protocol ++
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Dev Tools and Frameworks ++
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Decentralized Apps ++
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Ethereum Standards (EIPs/ERCs)_
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* [**Building Decentralized Apps on the Ethereum Blockchain**](https://www.manning.com/books/building-ethereum-dapps) by Roberto Infante, 2018 - FREE chapter 1 --
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_Understanding decentralized applications ++
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The Ethereum blockchain ++
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Building contract services in (JavaScript-like) Solidity ++
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Running contract services on the Ethereum blockchain ++
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Developing Ethereum Decentralized apps with Truffle ++
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Best design and security practice_
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* [**Best of Bitcoin Maximalist - Scammers, Morons, Clowns, Shills & BagHODLers - Inside The New New Crypto Ponzi Economics**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/bitcoin-maximalist), 2018 - FREE
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* [**Crypto Facts - Decentralize Payments - Efficient, Low Cost, Fair, Clean - True or False?**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/crypto-facts), 2018 - FREE
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* [**IslandCoin White Paper - A Pen and Paper Cash System - How to Run a Blockchain on a Deserted Island**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/islandcoin-whitepaper)
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by Tal Kol --
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_Motivation ++
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Consensus ++
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Transaction and Block Specification -
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Transaction format •
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Block format •
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Genesis block ++
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References_
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### Talk Notes
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- [**Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! - Build Your Own Blockchains in JavaScript from Zero (Scratch)**](https://github.com/geraldb/talks/blob/master/blockchain.md) by Gerald Bauer, Vienna.js, September 2017
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- [**Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! - Build Your Own Blockchains in Ruby from Zero (Scratch)**](https://github.com/geraldb/talks/blob/master/blockchain_ruby.md) by Gerald Bauer, Vienna.rb, Dezember 2017
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- [**Blockchain vs (Hyper) Ledger -- Inside (Hyper) Ledger Lite - Add Transactions One Block at a Time and Balance the Accounts (Books)**](https://github.com/geraldb/talks/blob/master/hyperledger.md) by Gerald Bauer, Hyperledger Vienna, March 2018
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- [**Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! - Build Your Own Blockchains in Go from Zero (Scratch)**](https://github.com/geraldb/talks/blob/master/blockchain_go.md) by Gerald Bauer, Vienna.go, April 2018
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## Development Tutorial
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### [BitCoin](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin)
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