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@ -58,53 +58,45 @@ The blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions that
A: A blockchain is a distributed database with a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks) linked and secured by A: A blockchain is a distributed database with a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks) linked and secured by
digital fingerprints (that is, crypto hashes). digital fingerprints (that is, crypto hashes).
Example from [`blockchain.rb`](https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains/blob/master/blockchain.rb/blockchain.rb): Example from [`genesis_block.json`](https://github.com/yjjnls/awesome-blockchain/tree/master/src/js/genesis_block.json):
```ruby ```js
[#<Block:0x1eed2a0 {
@timestamp = 1637-09-15 20:52:38, "version": 0,
@data = "Genesis", "height": 1,
@previous_hash = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "previous_hash": null,
@hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">, "timestamp": 1550049140488,
#<Block:0x1eec9a0 "merkle_hash": null,
@timestamp = 1637-09-15 21:02:38, "generator_publickey": "18941c80a77f2150107cdde99486ba672b5279ddd469eeefed308540fbd46983",
@data = "Transaction Data...", "hash": "d611edb9fd86ee234cdc08d9bf382330d6ccc721cd5e59cf2a01b0a2a8decfff",
@previous_hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b", "block_signature": "603b61b14348fb7eb087fe3267e28abacadf3932f0e33958fb016ab60f825e3124bfe6c7198d38f8c91b0a3b1f928919190680e44fbe7289a4202039ffbb2109",
@hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">, "consensus_data": {},
#<Block:0x1eec838 "transactions": []
@timestamp = 1637-09-15 21:12:38, }
@data = "Transaction Data......",
@previous_hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
@hash = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">,
...
``` ```
![](Basic/img/blockchain-jesus.png) ![](Basic/img/blockchain-jesus.png)
**Q: What's a Hash? What's a (One-Way) Crypto(graphic) Hash Digest Checksum**? **Q: What's a Hash? What's a (One-Way) Crypto(graphic) Hash Digest Checksum**?
A: A hash e.g. `eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743` A: A hash e.g. `d611edb9fd86ee234cdc08d9bf382330d6ccc721cd5e59cf2a01b0a2a8decfff`
is a small digest checksum calculated is a small digest checksum calculated
with a one-way crypto(graphic) hash digest checksum function with a one-way crypto(graphic) hash digest checksum function
e.g. SHA256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256 Bits) e.g. SHA256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256 Bits)
from the data. Example from [`blockchain.rb`](blockchain.rb/blockchain.rb): from the data. Example from [`crypto.js`](https://github.com/yjjnls/awesome-blockchain/blob/master/src/js/crypto.js):
```ruby ```js
def calc_hash function calc_hash(data) {
sha = Digest::SHA256.new return crypto.createHash('sha256').update(data).digest('hex');
sha.update( @timestamp.to_s + @previous_hash + @data ) }
sha.hexdigest ## returns "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743"
end
``` ```
A blockchain uses A blockchain uses
- the block timestamp (e.g. `1637-09-15 20:52:38`) and - the block header (e.g. `Version`, `TimeStamp`, `Previous Hash...` )and
- the hash from the previous block (e.g. `edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b`) and finally
- the block data (e.g. `Transaction Data...`) - the block data (e.g. `Transaction Data...`)
to calculate the new hash digest checksum, that is, the hash to calculate the new hash digest checksum.
e.g. `be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4`.
**Q: What's a Merkle Tree?** **Q: What's a Merkle Tree?**